Everything except lipids are shuttled to the liver
glucose is either used for energy or converted to glycogen
glucose's energy uses include
being used by cells
conversion to cholesterol or triglycerides
the goal of glucose regulation is to keep plasma glucose at regular levels
glands for glucose regulation release either hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic agents
hypoglycemic agents lower blood glucose levels
hyperglycemic agents increase glucose levels when it gets low
islets of langerhans are clusters of 3 cell types: alpha, beta, delta
glucagon - most antagonist hormone to insulin
glucose cannot be obtained from lipiids
epinephrine is released in response to stress
part of sympathetic nervous system, or "flight or flight" response
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is controlled by the vagus nerve
epinephrine gets as much sugar to the skeletal muscles as possible in as little time as possible
cortisol increases liver glycogenesis
cortisol is also called the stress hormone
secreted during stress, not flight or fight
diabetes resulting from hyperthyroidism or being extremely stressed is called secondary diabetes melitus
cortisol suppresses the immune system
diabetes insipidus - lack of ADH causes reabsorption of water in kidneys
hyperglycemia
excess glucose in plasma
caused by imbalance of regulatory hormones
diabetes mellitus is defined as consistent hyperglycemia
diabetes means opens faucet, refers to polyuria
mellitus refers to the sweet, honey like taste in the urine of diabetic patients
hypoglycemia
low plasma glucose levels
sometimes transient (until hyperglycemic agents kick in), sometimes permanent
can be wide ranging
see decrease in mental cognition at glucose levels ~50 mg/dl
Of the disease states involving blood sugar, hypoglycemia is a more urgent matter, as is can cause the central nervous system to shut down
chronic hyperglycemia has more long term effects
type 1 diabetes is insuline dependent diabetes melitus
type 1 diabetes is called juvenile diabetes since most patients are diagnoses as children or teens
the incidence of type 1 diabetes is lower than type ii
type type 1 diabetes defining characteristic is the lack of insulin secretion
type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease
the antibodies destroying the beta cells are cross- reactive, may have originally been created against antigen similar to beta cells
type 1 Diabetes
genetics - is family related, exact gene unknown
onset - sudden, acute; often when younger
signs and symptoms
3 "polys" - polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia
progression - see rapid weight loss; if glucose low enough, exhibit mental confusion
it not resolved, patient can go into a coma and die
resolution of type 1 diabetes
endocrinologist gives insulin, proper diet, consistent glucose testing; once insulin levels satisfactory, prescribed insulin and given direction to follow
polyuria - pee alot
polydypsia - constant thirs
polyphagia - constant hunger
type 1 diabetes
long term complications
nephropathy - kidney disease
protein (albumin smallest protein) seeps into urine because glomerular pores become bigger
type 1
in beginning stages, the dipstick is not sensitive enough to pick up protein
more sensitive test called microalbumin is one of the earliest indicators of renal disease in diabetes
neuropathy - irritation of sensory peripheral nerves
patient feels constant pain of the extremeties
retinopathy - vasculature in retina of eye is affected