Possible Exam 1 Content

Cards (57)

  • A sign is something observable and is objectively measured.
  • A sign can include (but is not limited to) swelling, discoloration, deformity, crepitus, and redness.
  • A symptom is a subjective complaint and cannot be directly observed.
  • A symptom can include (but is not limited to) pain, fatigue, nausea, and altered sensation.
  • Acute refers to a sudden onset with short duration.
  • Acute injuries typically result from a single event or mechanism.
  • Chronic refers to a gradual onset with prolonged duration, usually with an unknown cause and time of injury.
  • A contusion (also known as a bruise) is a direct blow to the tissue in which capillaries are disrupted or damaged.
  • A 1st degree contusion is superficial with minimal swelling.
  • A 2nd degree contusion can hemorrhage and has mild-moderate ROM limitations.
  • A 3rd degree contusion has hematoma with severe ROM limitations.
  • A sprain is an injury to a ligament or capsule structure.
  • A 1st degree sprain has mild overstretching with no visual disruptions and mild pain or tenderness.
  • A 2nd degree sprain has partial tearing and is the broadest range of injury.
  • A 3rd degree sprain is a complete rupture with a pop, pain, and loss of function.
  • A strain happens when a muscle or tendon stretches or tears.
  • A 1st degree strain is microtearing with full AROM and PROM and pain with resisted muscle contraction.
  • A 2nd degree strain is the briadest range of injury and pain with active muscle contraction and passive muscle stretch.
  • A 3rd degree strain is completely ruptured with a pop, pain, and loss of function as well as muscle hemorrhage.
  • A closed fracture is a disruption in continuity of bone with
    out a disruption of skin surface.
  • A traumatic (acute) fracture includes immediate pain, rapid swelling, and bony tenderness.
  • A stress fracture is often initially dismissed, the onset of pain is gradual, and swelling is minimal and localized.
  • For a primary survey:
    • is the injury life or limb threatening
    • ABC
    • Tend to any emergency conditions and if none, proceed to secondary survey
  • For a secondary survey:
    • examine the seriousness of the injury before the athlete is moved
    • determine how to remove the athlete from the site
    • SINS
    • severity
    • irritability
    • nature
    • stage
  • Subjective Segment of Examination:
    • history of the injury
    • through observation, interviewing patient, questioning observers
    • review patient records
  • Objective Segment of Examination:
    • perform tests to establish severity and nature of injury
    • do as few tests as possible to determine the injury
    • only as necessity and level of pain dictate
  • When taking a history:
    1. chief complaint
    2. mechanism of injury
    3. type of force imposed and surface area impacted
    4. nature of illness or injury
    5. inquire further about signs and symptoms
  • Essential History:
    • When dealing with potential life-threatening injury
    • check for medical ID bracelet
    • important information about medical history
  • Focused History:
    • only investigate major complaint and any problems that are readily apparent
    • gather information to determine general nature and extent of the injury
  • Detailed History
    • Chief complaint
    • mechanism of injury
    • associated signs and symptoms
    • any pre-existing factors
    • current history and history of previous injury
  • Mechanisms of Injury is how the injury occurred. It is an ascertain of the direction, location, and velocity of force (compression, tensioning, twisting, and shearing).
  • Examination of posture must be done anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly. (Remember plumb line).
  • Use hearing and vision to examine gait anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly.
  • Structures of palpating are skin, fascia, bone, myotendinous unit, joint structure, neurovascular tissue, and lymph nodes.
  • Palpate systematically, the uninvolved sidefirst to determine a normal reaction, through the layers starting with skin.
  • Osteokinematics refers to the movements of long bones that produce motion. Motion occurs in an arc around a joint.
  • Arthrokinematics is the movement of joint surfaces relative to one another. (Roll, glide, spin).
  • Active ROM is the quality and quantity of motion the individual can produce.
  • Passive ROM eliminates muscle activity and it’s possible influence.
  • Soft end feel is when 2 muscle bellies are in contact with one another.