Possible Exam 1 Content

• A sign is something observable and is objectively measured.
• A sign can include (but is not limited to) swelling, discoloration, deformity, crepitus, and redness.
• A symptom is a subjective complaint and cannot be directly observed.
• A symptom can include (but is not limited to) pain, fatigue, nausea, and altered sensation.
• Acute refers to a sudden onset with short duration.
• Acute injuries typically result from a single event or mechanism.
• Chronic refers to a gradual onset with prolonged duration, usually with an unknown cause and time of injury.
• A contusion (also known as a bruise) is a direct blow to the tissue in which capillaries are disrupted or damaged.
• A 1st degree contusion is superficial with minimal swelling.
• A 2nd degree contusion can hemorrhage and has mild-moderate ROM limitations.
• A 3rd degree contusion has hematoma with severe ROM limitations.
• A sprain is an injury to a ligament or capsule structure.
• A 1st degree sprain has mild overstretching with no visual disruptions and mild pain or tenderness.
• A 2nd degree sprain has partial tearing and is the broadest range of injury.
• A 3rd degree sprain is a complete rupture with a pop, pain, and loss of function.
• A strain happens when a muscle or tendon stretches or tears.
• A 1st degree strain is microtearing with full AROM and PROM and pain with resisted muscle contraction.
• A 2nd degree strain is the briadest range of injury and pain with active muscle contraction and passive muscle stretch.
• A 3rd degree strain is completely ruptured with a pop, pain, and loss of function as well as muscle hemorrhage.
• A closed fracture is a disruption in continuity of bone with

  out a disruption of skin surface.
• A traumatic (acute) fracture includes immediate pain, rapid swelling, and bony tenderness.
• A stress fracture is often initially dismissed, the onset of pain is gradual, and swelling is minimal and localized.
• For a primary survey:

  • is the injury life or limb threatening
  • ABC
  • Tend to any emergency conditions and if none, proceed to secondary survey
• For a secondary survey:

  • examine the seriousness of the injury before the athlete is moved
  • determine how to remove the athlete from the site
  • SINS
  • severity
  • irritability
  • nature
  • stage
• Subjective Segment of Examination:

  • history of the injury
  • through observation, interviewing patient, questioning observers
  • review patient records
• Objective Segment of Examination:

  • perform tests to establish severity and nature of injury
  • do as few tests as possible to determine the injury
  • only as necessity and level of pain dictate
• When taking a history:

  1. chief complaint
  2. mechanism of injury
  3. type of force imposed and surface area impacted
  4. nature of illness or injury
  5. inquire further about signs and symptoms
• Essential History:

  • When dealing with potential life-threatening injury
  • check for medical ID bracelet
  • important information about medical history
• Focused History:

  • only investigate major complaint and any problems that are readily apparent
  • gather information to determine general nature and extent of the injury
• Detailed History

  • Chief complaint
  • mechanism of injury
  • associated signs and symptoms
  • any pre-existing factors
  • current history and history of previous injury
• Mechanisms of Injury is how the injury occurred. It is an ascertain of the direction, location, and velocity of force (compression, tensioning, twisting, and shearing).
• Examination of posture must be done anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly. (Remember plumb line).
• Use hearing and vision to examine gait anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly.
• Structures of palpating are skin, fascia, bone, myotendinous unit, joint structure, neurovascular tissue, and lymph nodes.
• Palpate systematically, the uninvolved sidefirst to determine a normal reaction, through the layers starting with skin.
• Osteokinematics refers to the movements of long bones that produce motion. Motion occurs in an arc around a joint.
• Arthrokinematics is the movement of joint surfaces relative to one another. (Roll, glide, spin).
• Active ROM is the quality and quantity of motion the individual can produce.
• Passive ROM eliminates muscle activity and it’s possible influence.
• Soft end feel is when 2 muscle bellies are in contact with one another.