Ch. 17 Study Guide

• • Plasma: 55% of whole blood (Least dense)
  • Buffy Coat: 1% of whole blood. (Leukocytes and platelets)
  • Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood (Hematocrit, most dense)
• Hematocrit - the percentage of red blood cells in the body

  • 42% - 47%
  • Males: 47 - 52 percent
  • Females: 42 - 47 percent
• Normal average pH of blood,

  • 7.35 - 7.45 (Means its slightly basic)
  • AVG in Males: 5-6 Liters
  • AVG in Females: 4-5 Liters
• • Types of functions: Distribution, protection, and regulating functions
  • Examples from each type of function:
  • Distribution: Distribution of oxygen/nutrients to cells.
  • Regulation: Regulating body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat.
  • Protection: WBC’s defending from diseases/viruses. Also when platelets clot to prevent blood loss.
• Erythrocytes are red blood cells

  Main function is too transport and deliver oxygen to the body/lungs
• • Hemoglobin - Protein containing iron that helps transport oxygen.
  • Consists of: Four subunits, each having one polypeptide chain and one heme group
  • Can carry 4 oxygen molecules
  • Found inside RBC’s (Red Blood Cells)
  • Function is to help transport oxygen
• • Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation
  • Takes in place red bone marrow
  • Erythropoiesis: RBC production
  • Leukopoiesis: WBC production
• • Hormone that controls erythropoiesis - Erythropoietin
  • Released by kidneys
• Most abundant plasma protein

  • Albumin
  • Functions:
  • Buffering changes in plasma pH
  • substance carrier,
  • maintains plasma osmotic pressure.
• • Sickle cell anemia: A blood disorder where RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels.
  • How it occurs: One amino acid is wrong in the globin beta chain (inherited).
  • Affects: Oxygen delivery, makes it worse and less efficient; pain.
• • Thalassemia: Inherited blood disorder
  • Occurs: When the body doesn't make enough of a protein called hemoglobin. (One globin chain absent or faulty)
  • Affects: Red Blood Cells become thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
• Two groups of Leukocytes:

  • Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
  • Agranulocytes
  • Lymphocytes and monocytes.
• Leukemia: Overproduction of abnormal WBC (Cancerous WBC fill red bone marrow). Will be fatal if it's not treated.
• Multiple Myeloma: Cancer in the plasma cells.

  • These cancerous cells overcrowd other cells in the bone marrow
  • Abnormal protein levels are elevated in blood.
  • Causes organ and kidney damage.
  • Fatal if not treated
• Hematopoietic stem cells

  • the stem cell from which all the formed elements of blood originate from
• • Thrombocytes fragment off of Bone marrow megakaryocytes (or just megakaryocytes)
• An increased neutrophil count be indicative of an acute bacterial infection
• Which leukocyte releases histamine during the inflammatory process?

  Basophil
• Hemostasis

  • A fast series of reactions for the stoppage of bleeding.
  • Requires clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues.
  • Steps include:
  • Vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • coagulation
• • Hemophilia - A bleeding disorder that includes several similar hereditary bleeding disorders.
  • Most common type: Hemophilia A (77% of the time)
  • Symptoms: Prolonged bleeding, especially in joint cavities
• Universal Recipient: AB+ blood

  • no antibodies to A, B or Rh

  Universal donor: O - blood

  • no antigens, so it won't trigger an immune response
• • Blood - Fluid connective tissue
  • Plasma – non-living fluid matrix
  • Hematocrit - Percent of blood volume that is RBCs
• • Blood - Fluid connective tissue
  • Plasma – non-living fluid matrix (~55%)
  • Hematocrit - Percent of blood volume that is RBCs
  • (47% - Male) (42% - Female)
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs) (~45%)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)
  • Platelets
  • WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (< 1%)
• Albumin

  • 60% of plasma protein
  • Functions
  • Substance carrier
  • Blood buffer
  • Major contributor of plasma osmotic pressure
• Erythrocytes

  • >97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
  • No mitochondria
  • respiratory gas transport
  • Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen

  Normal values

  • Males - 13–18g/100ml; Females - 12–16g/100ml
• Regulation of Erythropoiesis

  • Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
  • Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity
  • > 2 million RBCs made per second
• Anemia

  • Blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity
  • Sign rather than disease itself
  • Blood O2 levels cannot support normal metabolism
  • Accompanied by fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and chills
• Causes of Anemia

  • Three groups
  • Blood loss
  • Low RBC production
  • High RBC destruction
• Anemia - clotting and immunity defects

  • Ex: hemorrhagic anemia