Business Research

• ◼Research


  is defined as a purposive, systematic, and scientific process of gathering,  analyzing,  classifying,  organizing,  presenting,  and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life Calderon & Gonzalez in Prado et al., (2011).
• Business Research


  is the application of the scientific method to study business/business problems.
• Pure/Basic Research


  •Search for knowledge for its own sake. Aims for the development of theory or enhance a theory. Aim to know for knowledge’s sake.
• Applied/Action Research


  •Search for knowledge for practical use. Examines the usefulness of theory in solving educational problems. Aims for the solution of immediate classroom problems.
• Evaluation Research


  •Involves collection and analysis of data to make decisions related to the merit and worth of a specific program. Formative evaluation is done during the implementation. Summative evaluation is done after the implementation
• Research and Development


  •Development of effective products for use in schools
• Experimental Research

  •Employs an experiment, and Investigates the cause and effect relations under controlled conditions. Laboratory experiment, Field experiment
• Types of Research According to Purpose

  1. Pure/Basic Research 2. Applied/Action Research 3. Evaluation Research 4. Research and Development
• Surveys


  •Involves the collection of data from a sample of a given study population. The generalizations are arrived at from data from a sample population.
• Online Surveys


  •Most popular during this pandemic. Consists of survey questions that can easily be deployed through Google Forms. Easy to design and simple to deploy to the participants. Responses are unbiased and less expensive. Data can be collected and analyzed quickly.
• Paper Surveys


  •Are a thing of the past. However, they are handy when it comes to field research and data collection. This is the most expensive method of  data collection.
• Telephonic Surveys


  •Researchers conduct these over the telephone
• One-to-One Surveys


  •Helps researchers gather data directly from a participant.  It’s a qualitative research method and depends on the knowledge and experience of the researcher to frame and ask relevant questions one after the other to collect meaningful insights from the interview. Done for 30 minutes to a few hours.
• Types of Survey Based on Deployment Method

  Online Surveys, Paper Surveys, Telephonic Surveys, One-to-One Interview
• Cross-Sectional Studies


  •Administered to a small sample from a large population within a small time frame. Offers a quick summary of what participants think at that given time.
• Longitudinal Surveys


  •Help researchers to make an observation and collect data over an extended period.  There are 3 types: trend surveys, panel surveys, and cohort surveys.
• Trend Surveys


  •To understand the shift or transformation in the thought process of the participants over some time and how people’s inclinations change with time.
• Panel Surveys


  •Administered to the same set or group of people over the years. Panel surveys are expensive in nature and researchers try to stick to their panel to gather unbiased opinions.
• Cohort Surveys


  Categories of people that meet specific similar criteria and characteristics form a great audience. However, people in a group should have certain similarities.
• Retrospective Survey


  is a type of study in which participants answer questions to report on events from the past. Researchers can gather data based on past experiences and beliefs of people.
• Types of Surveys Based on the Frequency of Deployment

  Cross-Sectional Studies, Longitudinal Surveys, Retrospective Surveys
• Qualitative Research


  •Deals with collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g. text, video, or audio) to undestand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas.
• Types of Qualitative Research Designs Phenomenological

  Ethnographic Grounded Theory

  Case Study Historical Narrative
• Quantitative Research


  •Measures quantities of things. •Applies statistical tools. •Allows inferential analysis.
• Types of Quantitative Research Designs

  Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi Experimental, Experimental
• Mixed Methods Research


  •Refers to an emergent methodology of research that advances  the systematic integration or mixing of quantitative and qualitative data within a single investigation integrating the data during data collection, analysis, and discussion.
• Types of Mixed Methods Designs

  1.Triangulation Design 2.Embedded Design 3.Explanatory Design 4.Exploratory Design
• Triangulation Design


  •Using more than one method to collect the data on the same topic to assure validity of research. •Involves different types of samples as well as methods of data collection.
• Embedded Design

  One data set provides a supportive, secondary role in a study based primarily on the other data type.
• Sequential Explanatory Design


  Consists of two distinct phases: quantitative followed by qualitative. The qualitative data are collected and analyzed  second in the sequence and help explain, or elaborate on the quantitative results obtained in the first phase.
• Sequential Exploratory Design

  Is characterized by an initial qualitative phase of data collection and analysis, followed by a phase of quantitative data collection and analysis, with a final phase of integration or linking of data from the two separate strands of data.
• Research Process

  Problem

  Identification, Data

  Collection, Data processing,

  Analysis,

  Interpretation, Summary, Conclusions, &

  Recommendations,
• Concepts


  ▪Are mental images or perceptions. Their meanings vary markedly from individual (Prado, 2011)
• Variables


  ▪Are measurable w/ varying degrees of accuracy. Characteristics that have two or more mutually exclusive values or properties. Take on dif. values for dif. Individuals.
• Six common types of qualitative research

  • Phenomenological studies
  • Ethnographic studies
  • Grounded theory studies
  • Historical studies
  • Case studies
  • Action research
• Phenomenological studies


  • Examine human experiences through the descriptions that are provided by the people involved
  • Bracketing is the process in which qualitative researchers put aside their own feelings and beliefs about the phenomena under consideration to keep from biasing their observations
• Ethnographic studies


  • Collect data from groups, such as certain cultural groups
  • Ethnographers frequently live with the people they are studying
  • Data are collected from key informants, who are the people most knowledgeable about the culture
• Grounded theory studies


  • The data are collected and analyzed, and then a theory is developed that is grounded in the data
  • A process called constant comparison is used, in which data are constantly compared to data that have already been gathered
  • Pertinent concepts are identified and assigned codes
• Historical studies


  • Concern the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past
  • Historical data should be subjected to both external and internal criticism
  • External criticism is concerned with the authenticity of the data, whereas internal criticism is concerned with the accuracy of the data
• Case studies


  • In-depth examinations of people, groups of people, or institutions
  • Content analysis is the term used to indicate the examination of communication messages obtained in case studies, as well as in other types of qualitative studies