EL 209

• Grammar is the set of rules and principles that govern the structure, composition, and usage of a language.
• Grammar encompasses the arrangement of words into sentences, the formation of meaningful units, and the proper use of sounds and symbols.
• Grammar is the set of rules and conventions that govern the structure and composition of sentences in a language.
• Grammar involves the arrangement of words to form coherent and meaningful sentences, the creation of well-structured and syntactically correct phrases, and the proper use of sounds and symbols to convey meaning.
• Texts are composed of sentences and paragraphs that convey meaning.
• Sentences are units of language that express a complete thought.
• Words are the basic units of language and the building blocks of sentences.
• Grammar and meaning are two fundamental aspects of language that work together to convey information effectively.
• Meaning in language refers to the conveyed sense or significance of words, phrases, or sentences.
• Lexical Meaning: The meaning of individual words.
• Written language typically adheres to a more formal structure, following grammatical rules and conventions more closely compared to spoken language.
• Pronouns like "he," "she," and "they" may be used more frequently than their full noun counterparts in casual conversation.
• Demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") are often used for immediacy and clarity in spoken language.
• Written communication often involves complete sentences with clear subjects and predicates, avoiding sentence fragments and incomplete thoughts.
• Contractions (e.g., "don't" instead of "do not") are generally avoided in formal writing, contributing to a more polished and precise style.
• Spoken language allows for the omission of certain words or elements when the meaning is clear from the context.
• In spoken language, the use of relative pronouns (who, which, that) may be more flexible.
• Reflexive pronouns like "myself," "yourself," and "ourselves" may be used for emphasis.
• Proper use of punctuation, such as commas, semicolons, and colons, is crucial in written grammar to convey meaning accurately and clearly.
• Object pronouns like "me," "him," "her," and "us" are often used more casually, even at the beginning of sentences.
• In the context of language, function refers to the role or purpose that a word, phrase, or sentence plays in communication.
• Pragmatic Meaning : The meaning derived from the context in which language is used.
• Expressive Function : Language can express emotions, feelings, or attitudes
• Directive Function : Language can be used to give commands or requests
• Grammar and meaning are two fundamental aspects of language that work together to convey information effectively.
• Phatic Function : This involves using language for social purposes, such as greetings or small talk, to establish or maintain communication
• Meaning in language refers to the conveyed sense or significance of words, phrases, or sentences.
• Understanding the function of language elements is crucial for using language appropriately in different contexts.
• Metalinguistic Function : Language can be used to discuss or clarify language itself
• Proper grammar is essential for effective communication as it ensures that ideas are conveyed accurately, and sentences are clear and easily understood.
• Lexical Meaning: The meaning of individual words
• Semantic Meaning: The meaning of phrases or sentences
• Referential Function : Language is used to convey information and refer to the world
• Formal writing often employs a more extensive and formal vocabulary compared to spoken language.
• Jargon and slang are usually minimized in formal writing.
• Written language allows for more complex sentence structures, with the use of subordinate clauses, relative clauses, and other syntactic elements.
• In informal spoken language, it's common to use "I" and "me" interchangeably, especially in colloquial settings.
• Incomplete sentences or fragments are often used in spoken communication, with conversations involving interruptions, pauses, and changes in direction.
• Phrases like "A piece of cake" and "Hit the hay" are examples of colloquial expressions.
• Pronouns are frequently used in spoken language to avoid repetition, for example, instead of saying a person's name repeatedly, pronouns like "he," "she," or "it" may be used.