RIPH 111 - PRELIMS

• Historical criticisms include External Criticism and Internal Criticism.
• Historical criticisms include External Criticism and Internal Criticism.
• History is the study of past events, particularly in human affairs
• History in German is “Geschichte”, meaning, “that which has happened”
• Historians will never really know everything that happened in the past
• The evidence historians rely on is likely to be fragmented, incomplete, and contradictory
• Each historian's conclusions are influenced by the evidence they have selected and how they interpret it
• History is a study of the present in the light of the past
• History is concerned with man in time and space
• History provides an objective record of happenings and is multisided
• History is a dialogue between the events of the past and progressively emerging future ends
• History is not only narration but also analysis, requiring continuity and coherence
• History is relevant, comprehensive, and helps understand people, societies, and moral understanding
• Studying history is essential for good citizenship and useful in the world of work
• Historical method involves critically examining and analyzing records and survivals of the past
• Historical sources include written sources (narrative, diplomatic, social documents) and non-written sources (oral history, artifacts)
• Primary sources are testimonies of eyewitnesses, produced by contemporaries, and created during the time under study
• Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources, being one or more steps removed from the event
• Repositories of primary sources include National Archives of the Philippines, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, and others
• The Ateneo University Rizal Library houses various collections for in-depth research, including the American Historical Collection and the Filipiniana section
• Historical criticisms settle matters on the form and content of a source
• External Criticism deals with the problem of authenticity and aims to spot hoaxes, fakes, forgeries, and fabrications
• Tests of Authenticity include determining the date for anachronisms, the uniqueness of the author's handwriting or signature, the provenance or custody for genuineness, the semantics or meaning of a text or word, and the hermeneutics for ambiguities
• Internal Criticism deals with the problem of credibility and includes tests like determining the character of the author, their reliability, and their ability and willingness to tell the truth, as well as corroborating historical facts with two or more reliable witnesses
• Santiago Alvarez, a revolutionary general from the Magdiwang Council, was known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” and wrote directly from his experiences, intending his work to encourage other generals of the Revolution to write their own recollections
• The Katipunan initiation rites involved pledging to destroy oppression by signing their name in their own blood
• The Tejeros Convention in 1897 saw Emilio Aguinaldo wanting to establish a revolutionary government with the presidency of Edilberto Evangelista, causing conflict with Bonifacio who felt he deserved the presidency as the founder and Supreme Head of the Katipunan
• The misunderstanding between the Magdiwang and Magdalo followers destroyed the Katipunan plans, leading to a convention at Imus where Emilio Aguinaldo wanted to establish a revolutionary government
• Robert Brandon Fox, an anthropologist and historian, led an archaeological research project in Palawan focused on the caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point, discovering the Tabon Man, the oldest human skeletal remains in the Philippines dating back 22,000 to 24,000 years ago
• The Manunggul Jar found in the Manunggul Cave represents early Filipinos' religious beliefs and practices, serving as a burial jar reflecting their beliefs in the afterlife
• Pedro Montecarlo:

  • Born in Miag-ao, Iloilo on October 15, 1850
  • Served as Teniente Mayor in 1891 and Gobernadorcillo in 1892-1894
  • Known as a poet in both the vernacular and Spanish
• The Maragtas or History of Panay:

  • Maragtas is equivalent to the word Historia
  • Based on 2 manuscripts founded by Monteclaro: one from an 82-year-old man, the first teacher of the town, and the other from his grandfather
• The Ten Bornean Datus:

  • Datu Puti (Wife Piangpangan)
  • Datu Sumakwel (Wife Kapinangan)
  • Datu Bangkaya (Wife Katuron)
  • Datu Paiborong (Wife Pabulanan)
  • Datu Padohinog (Wife Ribongsapaw)
  • Datu Dumangsol (Wife Kabiling)
  • Datu Lubay
  • Datu Dumangsil
  • Datu Dumlodog
  • Datu Balensuela
• The Confederation of Madya-as:

  • Settled in Panay by the seven Bornean datus
  • Divided the islands into three areas: Hantik (now Antique), Irong-irong (now Iloilo), Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz)
  • United under the overall rule of Datu Sumakwel, forming the Confederation of Madya-as
• Antonio Pigafetta:

  • Venetian scholar and explorer who travelled with Ferdinand Magellan
  • One of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522 out of 240 men
  • His travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of precolonial Philippines
• Ferdinand Magellan:

  • Portuguese Explorer who organized the Spanish Expeditions to the East Indies from 1519-1522
  • Led the Spanish fleet Armada de Molucca, which included 5 ships
  • Resulted in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano
• The First Voyage Around the World:

  • Provided insights into the character of the Philippines during the Pre-colonial period
  • Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy
  • Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observations and general impressions of the Far East, including their experiences in the Visayas
• The First Mass in the Philippines:

  • Held on March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
  • Attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu, Rajah Siagu, Spanish voyagers, and local islanders
  • Magellan explained the significance of the cross, nail, and crown he planted
• The Blood Compact:

  • Magellan and Rajah Humabon exchanged a bit of blood as a sign of peace
  • Magellan spoke about peace and God, which was well received
  • People wished to become Christians through their free will
• The First Baptism in the Philippines:

  • Held on April 14, 1521, Jubilate Sunday
  • Fr. Pedro Valderrama baptized Rajah Humabon, Queen Juana, and more than 500 natives in Cebu
  • This event marked the foundation of the First Christian community in the Philippines