Muscoskeletal system

• How many bones re in the human body?


  206
• What bones are in the foot?


  Phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals
• What bones are in the leg?

  Femur, tibia,fibula
• What is the longest bone in the body?


  Femur
• What bones are in the hand?

  Phalanges, metacarpals and carpals
• What bones are in the arm?

  Humerus, radius and ulna
• What are the type of bones?

  • Long
  • Short
  • flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
• What are the types of joints?

  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
• What is the functions of the skeleton?

  • Skelton provides support ,protection , attachment for muscles/ligaments. Source of blood production and stores minerals
• What is the function of the muscles?

  Facilitate movement and provide support
• Where is cardiac muscle found?


  Heart
• Where is the involuntary/smooth muscle found?

  In the gut
• Ligament is bone to bone
• Tendon is muscle to bone
• Fibrous joints is where bones are fused together
• Cartilaginous joints are flexible and allow some movement
• Synvovial joints are flexbile abd partially moveable
• The long bones contain bone marrrow, which contins many stem cells and calcium
• Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
• • A band: Darker coloured band where thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments overlap.
• • I band: Lighter coloured band with no thick filaments, only thin actin filaments.
• • H zone: Area at the centre of A band with only myosin filaments.
• • M line: Disc in the middle of the H zone that the myosin filaments are anchored to.
• Z disc: Disc where the thin actin filaments are anchored to. The Z-disc Marks the border of adjacent sarcomeres.
• Energy in the form of ATP is needed for the movement of myosin heads and the active transportation of Ca ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• ATP is converted my APASE into ADP+PI
• The sarcometer shortens when muscles contracts
• What type of bone is the vertebrae?

  Irregular
• What type of joints separates bone in the skull?

  Fibrous
• What tough protein is found in both tendons and ligaments which gives them strength?

  Collagen
• Name the three types of muscle fibres

  Striated, smooth and cardiac
• Which bands shorten in contractions?

  I band and the H zone
• What effect does ATP have on the myosin head?

  Cause the head to release from the actin binding site
• What is the step of the sliding filament theory?

  1.Calcium ions released and cause the binding site on the actin molecule to be revealed
• What is the second step of the sliding filament theory?

  The myosin heads now attach to the exposed binding sites on the actin filaments to form cross bridges
• What is the third step of the sliding filament theory?

  The power stroke- Energy stored in the head of the myosin filament is used to move the head. This causes the actin filament to slide past the myosin filament.
• What is the fourth step of the sliding filament theory?

  The Recovery Stroke- The bond between actin and the myosin head is broken when an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head and causes it to move away from the actin.
• What is the fifth step of the sliding filament theory?

  ATP is converted in to ADP+Pi by hydrolysis which provides the energy to reposition the myosin head back to its original position (‘cocked’ position)