Renal system

•  Label the Nephron

  A) Glomerulus

  B) Bowman's capsule

  C) Distal convoluted tubule

  D) Proximal convoluted tubule

  E) Collecting Ducts

  F) Loop of Henle

  
• What are the 2 sides of the kidney?

  Cortex and medulla
• What does the cortex consist of ?

  Bowman's capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule.
• What does the medulla consist of?

  Loop of Henle and the collecting ducts
• What are the 3 layers of the filter?

  1. Endothelium
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podcytes
• What are 3 substances that CAN pass through the capillaries into the filtrate in the first stage(ultrafiltration)?

  Water, amino acids, glucose, urea
• List three things which CANNOT pass through capillaires into the filtrate: 1. Proteins 2. Glucose
• What is the acroynm for the stages in the nephron?

  Ur So Overly Annoying
• What does the acronym Ur So Overly Annoying stand for?

  1. Ultrafiltration
  2. Selective reabsorbtion
  3. Osmoregulation
  4. Role of ADH
• What is ADH Role in the nephron?

  1. Bind to the membrane of the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule
  2. Insert channels proteins- aquaporins
  3. Water then leaves tubules by osmosis which = low volume of highly concentrated urine
• What do you see in the proximal convoluted tubule?

  Epithelium cells
• What do epithelium cells contain and why?

  Mitochondria- for ATP- Needed for CO-Transport

  Microvilli- Large Surface Area

  Carrier proteins
• What does ADH stand for?

  Anti Diuretic Hormone
• What is the left side arteriole called?

  Afferent
• What is the right arteriole called?

  Efferent
• Which arteriole is thicker?

  Afferent
• What is the acroymn for remembering the different arterioles?

  A=LEFT. Because A before E in alpha bet
• What happens during selective re-absorbtion?

  Certain molecules needed in the system is reabsorbed into the blood
• What happens during OSMOREGULATION?

  1. Sodium ions and chloride ions are ACTIVELY pumped out~
  2. Water then leaves by the descending limb via osmosis
• What adpatation is useful for absorbtion?

  Microvilli
• What are the features of simple diffusion?

  Moves particles from high-low concentration

  Requires no channel or carrier proteins

  Small, non-polar molecules

  passive
• What are the features of facilitated diffusion?

  Moves particles high-low

  Requires both channel and carrier proteins

  Passive
• What are the features of active tansport?

  Moves particles low-high

  ATP Needed

  No channel proteins but requires carrier
• What are the steps to reabsorbing water?

  1. Ascending limb moves NA+ and CL- out of the filtrate and into tissue fluid
  2. In the Descending Limb, water moves out of the filtrate via osmosis down water gradient
  3. NA+ moves out of the filtrate via facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient.
• Why would a longer loop of Henle be required in an animal which live in the desert?

  An animal will need to preserve water as much as possible and reabsorb as much water molecules as possible. A longer loop of Henle gives more time for reabsorption.
• Give three scenarios when more ADH will need to be released?

  When eating a high volume of salt

  Exercising

  Not drinking enough water
• How can the different concentration change solutions?

  Adding more water= increase in WP, Decrease Concentration

  Removing water= increase in concentration, Decrease in water potential
• Which Limb is impermeable to water?

  Ascending Limb
• the renal system is responsible for osmoregulation and urine production
• osmoregulation maintains the amount of water in our blood (water potential of blood)
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released when a person is dehydrated, meaning there is less water in the blood (low water potential)
• ADH targets the kidneys and increases water reabsorption from urine into the blood
• ADH stimulates an increase in the amount of aquaporins present in cells of collecting duct, resulting in more water being reabsorbed into the blood
• running will increase fluid loss due to increased respiratory rate (as expired water vapour), sweating due to the hot weather and heat produced (by the muscles) during (prolonged) exercise, these fluids will need to be replaced to prevent dehydration