pcol

• Pharmacology is the study of selective biologic activity of drugs and the substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal processes.
• Medical Pharmacology is the area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans.
• Drugs are defined as articles recognized in the official USP, official Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the US or the official NF, or any supplements to any of them.
• Drugs are also defined as articles for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals.
• Drugs are also defined as articles intended for use as component of any articles specified in clause 1, 2, or 3, but does not include devices or their components parts or accessories.
• Drugs are substances that act on biologic systems at the chemical (molecular) level and alter their functions.
• Drug receptors are the molecular components of the body with which drugs interact to bring about their effects.
• Drugs are chemicals that modify body functions and may be ions, carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins.
• Pharmacodynamics is a branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of biochemical & physiological effects of drugs & the mechanisms by which they produce such effects.
• Ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) is used as an electrolyte, and it is also found in many pharmaceutical preparations such as cough and cold medications, and has been used as an expectorant to help clear lung secretions.
• 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a medication used to treat various neoplasms.
• Some of the important drugs from this class are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), capecitabine, floxuridine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, decitabine, and vidaza.
• Mannitol (osmotic diuretic – renal tubule – early loop of Henle) create an osmotic gradient across renal tubule.
• Antacids act by neutralizing the acid in the stomach and by inhibiting pepsin, which is a proteolytic enzyme.
• Lactulose is a synthetic sugar used to treat constipation.
• Antimetabolites are group of anticancer agents that exert their cytotoxic effects by interfering with the DNA synthesis.
• Sodium bicarbonate (Baking Soda) reduces stomach acid.
• Flucytosine is used in combination with other medicine (eg, amphotericin B) to treat serious fungus infections, including Candida infections (eg, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections) or Cryptococcus infections (eg, meningitis, lung infections).
• Diagnostic Agents are used for the diagnosis or confirmation of certain diseases, such as Pulmonary challenge test for bronchial asthma (Histamine), Edrophonium (Tensilon®) for Myasthenia gravis, Radiopaque agents like Barium sulfate to visualize the outline of the GIT, and Dobutamine for Schemia.
• Replenishers replace or replenish endogenous substances that are lacking, deficient, or absent.
• Having Pernicous Anemia can lead to Megaloblastic Anemia, which can cause neurologic effects.
• Vit B12 is absorbed in the terminal ileum, with sources including meat products.
• Examples of replenishers include DM type 1 (Insulin) and Pernicous Anemia (Vit B12).
• Chemotherapeutics Agents are agents used to kill or inhibit the growth of cells considered as foreign to the body, including Anti-infectives, Anti-microbials, Anti-neoplastics.
• Principles of Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Drug Action include classification of mechanisms based on the concepts of target proteins, such as Non-target protein-mediated mechanisms like Chelating agents, which bind metals or minerals so they can be excreted from the body.
• Pernicous Anemia is an autoimmune disease when the immune system produces antibodies that target the parietal cells of the stomach, inhibiting or decreasing HCL and Intrinsic Factor, which are important in VitB12 absorption.
• Causes of VitB12 deficiency include Chronic use of Proton pump Inhibitor, H2 Blockers, and Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), which competes in Vit B12 absorption.
• Gs activate adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP or the release of secondary messenger.
• Gq increases phospholipase C activity, splitting Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, increasing IP3, DAG, and cytoplasmic Ca2+.
• Examples of Gq-linked receptors include alpha-1 receptors and muscarinic receptors.
• Gt increases cGMP phosphodiesterase, decreasing cGMP.
• Insulin receptors and ANP receptor (Atrial natriuretic peptide) are examples of Type III (Enzyme-linked) receptors.
• Examples of Type IV receptors include steroid receptors (glucocorticoids, minercorticoids), thyroid hormone receptors, and sex hormones.
• Type IV (Gene-transcription-linked) receptors are located in the nucleus or cytoplasm and their effects are seen in several hours.
• Beta receptors increase contraction rate in the heart.
• Type II (Metabotropics) receptors are 7-transmembrane spanning receptors (serpentine receptors) and are G protein linked.
• Go is unknown for G-protein coupled receptors.
• B2 receptors cause bronchodilation in the lungs.
• Effects of Gt are seen in seconds.
• GABAergic neurotransmission is critical in neurodevelopmental disorders.