Amino acids and peptide bonds

• What is the formula for the general structure of an amino acid?

  H-N-C-C-OH
• If an amino acid has a nonpolar side chain, what type of interactions will it likely form in a protein structure?

  Hydrophobic interactions
• Why are the side chains of amino acids like Arginine and Lysine considered electrically charged?

  They have a positively charged nitrogen atom in their side chain
• What are the key differences between the structures of amino acids with polar uncharged side chains versus hydrophobic side chains?

  Polar uncharged:

  • Contain hydroxyl (-OH) or amide (-NH2) groups
  • Able to form hydrogen bonds

  
  

  Hydrophobic:

  • Contain only hydrocarbon chains
  • Avoid water, cluster together in aqueous environments
• What are the four groups of amino acids based on R-group properties?

  • Charged: Positive/Negative side chains
  • Polar: Uncharged with OH/NH groups
  • Hydrophobic: Nonpolar C/H chains
  • Special Cases: Unique structures
• What are the components of an amino acid?

  • Amino group (-NH2)
  • Carboxyl group (-COOH)
  • Hydrogen atom (-H)
  • R-group (varied)
• What are the main components of amino acids?

  • Amino group (NH2)
  • Carboxyl group (COOH)
  • Central carbon atom
  • Side chain (R group)
• What is the formula for the amino acid Glycine?

  HO-C(=O)-NH2-CH2
• What is the significance of the R-group in amino acids?

  • Varies among different amino acids
  • Influences chemical properties
  • Affects interactions in proteins
• What defines the special cases of amino acids?

  Unique structures
• What is the chemical formula for the carboxyl group?

  -COOH
• How many groups are amino acids classified into?

  Four groups
• What is the formula for the amino acid Arginine?

  HO-C(=O)-NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(=NH2+)-NH2
• What are the bonds formed by the central carbon in an amino acid?

  • Left: $N - H$ from amino group
  • Right: $C =$$O$ and $C - OH$ from carboxyl group
  • Top: $C - H$
  • Bottom: $C - R$ (R-group)
• What is the key property of hydrophobic amino acids?

  Nonpolar C/H chains
• What are amino acids?

  Small units that build up proteins
• How do amino acids link to form proteins?

  • Amino group of one amino acid attaches to carboxyl group of another
  • Forms peptide bonds
  • Creates long protein chains
• What is the general structure of an amino acid?

  • Amino group (NH2)
  • Central carbon atom
  • Carboxyl group (COOH)
  • Side chain (R group)
• How do the properties of amino acids affect the structure and function of proteins?

  • Side chain properties determine protein folding
  • Charge and polarity influence protein-protein interactions
  • Hydrophobic interactions stabilize protein structure
  • Hydrogen bonding and ionic bonds also stabilize proteins
• Why are amino acids considered the building blocks of proteins?

  Because they link together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that make up proteins
• What is the chemical formula for the hydrogen atom in amino acids?

  -H
• What is the difference between amino acids with polar uncharged side chains and those with hydrophobic side chains?

  Polar uncharged side chains:

  • Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine

  Hydrophobic side chains:

  • Alanine, Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
• What is the function of the amino group in amino acids?

  Attaches to carboxyl group of another amino acid
• What is the central atom in every amino acid?

  Central carbon (C)
• What is the result of peptide bond formation between two amino acids?

  • Formation of a dipeptide
  • Repeated bonding creates polypeptide chains
  • Polypeptide chains form proteins
• What is the function of the carboxyl group in amino acids?

  Attaches to amino group of another amino acid
• What are the key steps in the peptide bond formation process?

  1. Amino group (NH2) of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group (COOH) of another amino acid
  2. A covalent peptide bond is formed, releasing a water molecule (H2O)
  3. The resulting polypeptide chain has a free amino group at one end and a free carboxyl group at the other end
• What determines the properties of an amino acid?

  The R-group varies for each amino acid
• Where are polar amino acids typically found in proteins?

  Protein exterior
• How do the properties of amino acids affect protein structure and function?

  • Amino acids arrange based on R-group properties
  • Determines protein folding and stability
  • Influences protein function and interactions
• What is released during the formation of a peptide bond?

  A water molecule
• Where are hydrophobic amino acids usually located in proteins?

  Protein interior
• How do two amino acids join to form a peptide bond?

  Through a dehydration reaction
• What is the chemical formula for the amino group?

  -NH2
• How do the properties of the amino acid side chains contribute to the diversity of protein structures and functions?

  The wide variety of side chain properties (size, charge, polarity) allow for many different types of interactions that stabilize unique 3D protein structures
• What groups are bonded to the central carbon in an amino acid?

  Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R-group
• What type of bond forms between amino acids during peptide bond formation?

  A C-N bond
• What do peptide bonds form when they link amino acids?

  Proteins
• What is the purpose of the peptide bond formation process?

  To link amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain
• What are peptide bonds?

  Strong links holding amino acids together