INTERNAL FACTORS

• what is teacher labelling?

  when a teacher judges a student based on a stereotype or prior knowledge of the students ability or attitude
• Ray Rist 1970

  In American kindergarten teachers use information about background and appearance.

  Sorted them into tables, the best group were the tigers and the worst group was the clowns. They sat at the back
• Howard Becker 1971

  interviewed 60 Chicago high school teachers, and found they judged pupils on how they work, conduct and their appearance.

  Middle class were ideal pupils
• Dunne and Gazeley 2008

  schools consistently produce working class underachievement and this is normalised.

  Nothing was done for working class but the middle class had intervention
• what is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

  when a student internalises a label, takes on the identity for themselves and meets the expectation of the label
• Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

  Pygmalion in the classroom

  created a warmer climate in the classroom for kids with expectations

  taught more material to ones with higher expectations

  response opportunity

  feedback, they were positively reinforced if it was the correct
• what is a subculture?

  a group who share the mainstream values but also have additional agreed norms and values
• what is differentiation?

  Colin Lacey

  process of teachers categorising pupils
• What is polarisation?

  Colin Lacey

  where pupils are sorted into 2 opposite poles / groups

  either high stream or low stream
• what is high stream?

  Middle class, pro school and in high sets

  committed to school values and committed to learning
• what is low stream?

  working class, loss of self esteem as school streamed them

  went against school rules and have an anti school subculture
• What are the 4 subcultural responses?

  Said by - Woods

  Ingratiation

  Ritualist

  Retreatist

  Rebel
• what is an ingratiation response?

  teachers pets

  Middle class students
• what is a ritualist response?

  going through the motions of staying out of trouble

  working and middle class
• what is the retreatist response?

  daydreaming and mucking about

  middle class
• what is the rebel response?

  outright rejection of school rules

  minority of working class students
• What did John Furlong 1984 say?

  most students are not committed to a particular subcultural response, they behave differently for different teachers and in different lessons, regardless of social class
• Stephen Ball 1981

  when beachside school abolished streaming the anti-school subculture started to disappear

  teachers still labelled pupils

  Middle class pupils were more often categorised as cooperative and able

  class inequality continues even where streaming and subcultures dont
• Hargreaves 1967 secondary modern

  Boys were triple failures

  they failed the 11+, were placed in low streams and were labelled as worthless

  these pupils formed an anti school subculture which guaranteed educational failure
• What is the educational triage?

  Gillborn and Youdell

  type of teacher labelling that can impact teaching and learning, setting and streaming and revision