approaches

• What is the primary goal of science in psychology?

  To discover general laws through measurement
• When did Wundt open his psychology lab?

  In 1879
• What method did Wundt use to study human consciousness?

  Introspection
• What does structuralism focus on?

  Isolating the structure of consciousness
• How did Wundt develop theories about mental processes?

  By using a standardized method with stimuli
• What was the process Wundt used to categorize observations?

  Divided them into thoughts, images, and sensations
• Why did Wundt present stimuli in the same order to participants?

  To ensure consistency in the experiment
• What are the strengths of Wundt's research method?

  • Scientific approach
  • Standardized procedures for all participants
  • Empirical method allowed for replications
  • Controlled environment reduced extraneous variables
• What are the limitations of Wundt's research method?

  • Subjective data considered unscientific
  • Relied on self-reports, which may hide true feelings
  • Small sample size limited generalizability
  • Modern technology surpasses Wundt's methods
• What does the behaviorist approach focus on?

  Observable and measurable behavior
• Why did behaviorists reject introspection?

  It was not objective and hard to measure
• What is the concept of tabula rasa in behaviorism?

  The mind is a blank slate at birth
• What are the two types of learning in behaviorism?

  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
• What is classical conditioning?

  • Learning through association
  • Involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
• What is the process of classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

  Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus
• What does operant conditioning focus on?

  Learning through consequences
• What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  Positive and negative reinforcement
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Adding something good to increase behavior
• What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food
• What is negative punishment?

  Taking away something good to decrease behavior
• What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach?

  • Based on well-controlled research
  • Scientific credibility through lab settings
  • Real-world applications in various institutions
• What are the limitations of the behaviorist approach?

  • Oversimplifies the learning process
  • Ignores free will and conscious decision-making
  • Ethical issues in animal experiments
• What does social learning theory (SLT) agree on regarding behavior?

  Behavior is learned from observing others
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Learning by observing others being rewarded
• What is modeling in SLT?

  Demonstrating behavior for others to imitate
• What are the four mediational processes in SLT?

  Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
• What factors influence imitation according to SLT?

  Identification with the model and perceived ability
• What were the results of Bandura's first experiment?

  Children became more aggressive towards the doll
• What was the focus of Bandura's second experiment?

  Consequences of aggression observed by children
• What did Bandura find in his second experiment regarding aggression?

  Children imitated aggression more if rewarded
• What are the strengths of social learning theory?

  • Less reductionist than behaviorism
  • Accounts for cognitive influences on learning
  • Real-world applications in understanding behavior
• What did Bandura's first experiment involve?

  Children watching an adult hit a doll
• What are the limitations of social learning theory?

  • Under-emphasizes biological factors
  • Over-reliance on lab studies
  • Limited generalizability to real-world behavior
• What does the cognitive approach argue about mental processes?

  They can and should be studied scientifically
• What does inference mean in cognitive psychology?

  Drawing conclusions about mental processes from behavior
• What is machine reductionism?

  Simplifying the human mind to a computer model
• What is soft determinism?

  Behavior is influenced by internal and external factors
• What is a schema?

  A mental framework developed through experience
• What are the advantages of schemas?

  They help process information quickly
• What are the disadvantages of schemas?

  They may distort sensory information interpretations