Anaphy 2

• 3 Central Dogma of Life: Replication, Transcription, and Translation
• Replication: synthesis of DNA with DNA as template
• 2 Parts of the Nuclear Membrane:

  1. Outer Membrane
  2. Inner Membrane
• Progeria is caused by a change (mutation) in the LMNA gene that codes for the lamin A protein.
• Progeria is a rare genetic condition that causes rapid aging in children.
• The outer membrane is studded by ribosomes.
• The inner membrane of the nucleus is bound to a protein called the nuclear lamina.
• Chromatin is made up of DNA and Histone
• Nucleosome: Basic unit of chromatin that is composed of DNA and Histone
• Nucleolus: responsible for synthesizing the cell's ribosomes
• Nuclear pores are small holes in the nuclear membrane
• Nucleopore: responsible for the entry and exit of Nucleotides
• Amino Acids are the building blocks for proteins
• New Chromatin promotes gene expression.
• Heterochromatin promotes gene silencing.
• Translation is the process whereby messenger RNA is converted into proteins by ribosomes.
• Nucleotides, with the help of Amino Acids turn into Nucleic Acid.
• DNA wraps around Histone to form a Nucleosome.
• Histones are positively charged.
• Cholesterol: precursor for steroid hormones
• The Rough E.R. is associated with many roles in protein synthesis, which also include post-translational modifications, folding, and sorting.
• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has a rough appearance due to retaining Ribosomes.
• The two sub-units of the Rough ER:

  1. Large ribosomal sub-unit
  2. Small ribosomal sub-unit
• Simple proteins are ribosomes that are purely made up of Amino Acids
• Simple proteins are converted to different kinds of proteins
• Simple Proteins are turned into:

  1. Glycoproteins
  2. Metalloproteins
  3. Lipoproteins
  4. Mucoproteins
• Cisternae: This is where ribosomes put the simple proteins in the Golgi Apparatus.
• Glycolysation: The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.
• Glycosylation: The process of simple proteins passing through the folds
• 2 types of lipids:

  1. cholesterol
  2. phospholipids
• Cholesterol synthetization makes:

  1. Steroid Hormones
  2. Cortisol
  3. Aldosterone
  4. Testosterone
  5. Estrogen
  6. Progesterone
• The Smooth ER lacks Ribosomes
• The Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.
• Free Radicals: latches to all types of biomolecules.
• Peroxidase: An enzyme with a detoxification function
• Once Ribosomes become Proteins, they become linear
• Proteins need to twist and turn to reach their tertiary structure
• Two sides of the Golgi Apparatus:

  1. Cis Face
  2. Trans Face
• The cis face receives transport vessels from the RER.
• The trans face releases proteins that are packaged into separate vesicles.