Flowers

• FLOWERS

  ·       Reproductive organ of flowering plants

  ·       Specializes in sexual reproduction.

  ·       Arises from the axil of the leaf

  ·       Typical complete flower: 4 whorls

  ·       Outer whorl: calyx; next: corolla; inner whorls: essential organs (stamen and pistils)
• 1. Pedicel

  o   the stalk that holds the flower
• Receptacle

  o   somewhat enlarged tip of the pedicel from which the floral parts arise.
• Sepal

  o   one of the several leaf-like structures that make up the outermost circle of the floral parts.

  o  It is usually green in color.

  o   It protects the flower while it is still a bud.
• Calyx

  o   the collective term for all sepals.

  o   typically these are green, but are petal-like in some species.
• Petal

  o   one of the colored leaf-like structures that occurs in one or more circles within the sepals.
• Corolla

  o   the collective term for all petals.

  o   Usually thin, soft and colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination.

  o   The coloration may extend into the ultraviolet, which is visible to the compound eyes of insects, but not to the eyes of birds.
• . Perianth

  o   the collective term for all petals and sepals

   
• Pistil (Carpel)

  o   the seed-bearing organ of the flower; usually pear shaped and found at the center of the flower.

  o   It is composed of the ovary, style and stigma.

  o   They are collectively called gynoecium.

  o   When the carpels are united, the gynoecium is described as syncarpous; when free, the gynoecium is described as apocarpous.
• Ovary

  o   the enlarged basal part of the pistil.

  It can have one or more locules (cavities) containing ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization
• Ovules - small, round or oval shaped bodies inside the locules of the ovary. They contain the egg cell and other related cells.

  Locule - the cavity within the ovary
• parts of flower

  A) ovary

  B) ovules

  C) stigma

  D) style

  E) petals

  F) umbrella shaped style catches pollen

  G) pollen

  H) anther

  I) filament

  J) sepal

  K) bract

  
• parts of the flower

  A) stigma

  B) carpel - gynoecium

  C) style

  D) ovary

  E) locule

  F) ovule

  G) receptacle

  H) pedicel

  I) sepal

  J) calyx

  K) petal

  L) corolla

  M) filament

  N) stamen

  O) androecium

  P) anther

  Q) pollen

  
• . Style

  o  long and slender neck-like part extending from the ovary.

  o   It serves as a passageway for the pollen from the stigma to the ovary.
• Stigma

  o  Sticky part found at the tip of the style to which the pollen adheres after pollination.
• parts of the ovary

  A) ovary

  B) ovule

  C) nucellus

  D) 2 polar nuclei

  E) egg cell

  F) female gamete

  
• carpel structure

  A) stigma

  B) style

  C) locule

  D) funiculus

  E) ovule

  F) placenta (slashed area)

  
• Stamen

  o   the essential male part of the flower consisting of an anther and a filament.

  o   The anther and the filament are collectively called androecium.
• Anther - where pollen grains are produced. It is supported by the slender filament and usually consists of four pollen sacs.
• Filament - the slender stalk that supports the anther.
• parts of mature flower

  A) stigma

  B) style

  C) filament

  D) ovule

  E) ovary

  F) nectary

  G) pedicel

  H) articulation

  I) floral axis

  J) stamen

  K) microsporangium

  L) anther

  M) connective

  
• CLASSIFICATION OF TYPICAL FLOWER

  PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF FLORAL PARTS

   

  1. Complete flower

  o   has all four essential floral parts: the sepal, petal, stamen and pistil.

   

  2. Incomplete flower

  o   lacks one or more of the four floral parts.

   

  3. Perfect flower

  o   with both the stamen and pistil (may lack sepals and petals); also called bisexual flower.

   

  4. Imperfect flower

  bears either the stamen or pistil; may be staminate or pistillate; called a unisexual flower
• CLASSIFICATION OF TYPICAL FLOWER

  PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF FLORAL PARTS
• Complete flower

  o   has all four essential floral parts: the sepal, petal, stamen and pistil.
• Incomplete flower

  o   lacks one or more of the four floral parts.

   
• Perfect flower

  with both the stamen and pistil (may lack sepals and petals); also called bisexual flower
• Imperfect flower

  bears either the stamen or pistil; may be staminate or pistillate; called a unisexual flower
• flower sexual conditions

  A) carpellate

  B) pistillate

  C) bisexual

  D) hermaphroditic

  E) staminate

  
• size and shape of flower

  A) actinomorphic - regular

  B) zygomorphic - irregular

  
• Regular flower

  o   a flower in which the corolla is made up of similarly shaped petals equally spaced and radiating from the center of the flower.
• Irregular flower

  a flower in which one or more members of at least one whorl are of a different form or size from others
• Papilionaceous

  o   the standard petal or banner is usually the largest and the most striking.

  o   The two wings or alae are lateral, and a keel is present. (sitao/ batao flowers)
• shapes of petal - papilionaceous

  
• shapes of petal - caesalpiniaceous

  
• shape of petals - orchidaceous

  
• Radial symmetry

  o   symmetry in which a flower is divisible on more than one axis into two equal halves that are mirror images of each other.

  o   also known as regular or actinomorphic symmetry.
• Bilateral symmetry

  o  symmetry in which a flower is distinctly divisible into right and left sides; divisible into mirror images on only one axis.

  o   also known as irregular or zygomorphic symmetry.
• Perigynous

  o   a flower in which the ovary is half-interior, but the bases of the stamens, petals and sepals develop as a floral cup around the ovary.
• Hypogynous

  o   a flower in which the ovary is superior, with the stamens, petals and sepals arising from a level below the base of the ovary.
• Epigynous

  o  a flower in which the ovary is inferior, with the stamens, petals and sepals arising from a level above the base of the ovary.