social influence

• Informational social influence occurs when individuals change their behavior because they believe others are more knowledgeable
• What did Jenness (1932) use in his conformity experiment?

  White beans
• In Jenness's study, females changed their original answers more than males after group discussion
• Normative social influence occurs when individuals change their behavior to gain approval
• In Asch's study, confederates gave the wrong answer on 12 critical trials
• How many male undergraduates participated in Asch's conformity study?

  128
• In Asch's study, about 3/4 of participants conformed at least once over the critical trials
• What behavior did Schultz (2008) encourage hotel guests to adopt?

  Save energy
• In Asch's variations, conformity rose to 31.8% when there were three confederates
• A dissenting confederate in Asch's study reduced conformity by a quarter
• Stages of Zimbardo's Stanford prison study

  1️⃣ Participants assigned roles

  2️⃣ Mock prison environment created

  3️⃣ Guards conform to authoritarian behavior

  4️⃣ Study terminated early
• In Reicher and Haslam's study, why did the unequal system fail?

  Weak guard identity
• Milgram's study investigated obedience to authority
• In Milgram's study, 65% of participants continued to the highest voltage of 450 volts
• What happened to obedience in Milgram's study when the learner was in the same room as the teacher?

  It dropped to 40%
• Obedience in Milgram's study was higher in Yale compared to the ghetto
• Obedience in Milgram's study dropped to 20% when the experimenter wore ordinary clothes
• Match the attire with the level of obedience in Bushman's study:

  Police uniform ↔️ 72%

  Business attire ↔️ 52%

  Beggar's clothing ↔️ 48%
• Adorno's (1950) study aimed to investigate the link between authoritarian personality and obedience
• What scale did Adorno use to measure authoritarian tendencies?

  F-scale
• High F-scale scorers in Adorno's study showed prejudice against lower-status groups
• What was the focus of Elms' (1966) study?

  Authoritarian personality
• In Ganson et al.'s (1982) study, 88% of groups rebelled against administering electrical shocks
• A dissenting confederate in Asch's variations reduced conformity by a quarter
• What is locus of control, as proposed by Rotter (1966)?

  Belief in personal control
• In Holland's (1967) study, 37% of internals refused to continue to the highest shock level
• Rescuers of Jewish people during WWII were more likely to have a higher internal locus of control
• Steps in Moscovici's (1969) minority influence study

  1️⃣ Participants shown blue slides

  2️⃣ Confederates consistently answer green

  3️⃣ Confederates inconsistently answer green

  4️⃣ Majority influenced by consistent minority
• What percentage of participants judged the slides to be green when influenced by a consistent minority in Moscovici's study?

  8.42%
• Minorities can influence majorities only when they are consistent
• Social change begins when a minority draws attention
• What is the augmentation principle in the context of social change?

  Commitment to risk
• The snowball effect occurs when a minority becomes the majority
• Bashir et al. (2013) found that people resist social change proposed by groups like feminists and environmentalists