Reading And Writing

• person I love the most Jaira
• reading It is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning.
• Text This are made up of sentences of it came from an old French word “textus” means scriptures that is why it is generally considered as as written material, especially longer pieces of writing as in a book, a letter, or a newspaper
• What is discourse It came from a Late Latin word “discursus” which means “conversation.” That is why it is considered as conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication. A text is actually a connected discourse, for its wide range of definitions--- utterance, talk or even a speech.
• ⦁ Cohesion – the connection of ideas at the sentence level.
• ⦁ Coherence – the connection of ideas at the paragraph level
• ⦁ Intentionality – dwells into the purpose of the author/writer.
• ⦁ Informativity – the quantity of new information in the text
• ⦁ Acceptability – how factual the pieces of information are. 
• ⦁ Situationality – the socio-cultural appropriateness of the text. Is it appropriate or acceptable to the target reader?
• ⦁ Intertextuality – the connection of the succeeding discourse to the previous one. It also talks about the existence of the succeeding text because of the previous one.
• Narration

  ⦁ describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence happened

  ⦁ used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events.

  ⦁ it is the most basic pattern of development.

  ⦁ it reveals what a reader should learn and usually in chronological order
• Description

  ⦁ the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance
• ⦁ Definition

  explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc.

  helps to clarify concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”

  • explains information using illustrations, examples, and descriptions
• Comparison And Contrast

  ⦁ organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another

  ⦁ separately -involves describing one item first followed by the second item

  ⦁ side-by-side -involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison
• ⦁ Cause and Effect

  ⦁ explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces

  ⦁ used to show how the facts, events, or concepts result due to other facts, events, or concepts.
• ⦁ Problem Solution

  ⦁ presents a problem and describes two or more possible solutions to that problem

  ⦁ focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation
• ⦁ Persuasion

  ⦁ convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic
• Organization- is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through it.
• Coherence and Cohesion make your text easier for your readers to follow and understand.
• Cohesion: Connection of ideas at sentence level.
• Coherence: This means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader.
• Chronological Order The details are arranged in the order in which they happened.
• Spatial Order The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left-to-right, up- to-down, etc.
• Emphatic Order This arrangement is used when information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending on the writer’s purpose.

  The coherence of the paragraph is established in one of two ways:

  ⦁ from least to most

  ⦁ from most to least
• ⦁ Transitions

  Words that connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly.
• ⦁ Repetitions Repetitions of main ideas keep continuity and highlight important ideas.
• ⦁ Synonyms

  These are words similar in meaning to important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions.
• ⦁ Pronouns Words that connect readers to the original word that the pronouns replace.
• Time first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time, after, earlier, simultaneously, finally, next, in the meantime, later, eventually, then, meanwhile, now, subsequent, etc.
• Sequence

  moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another, first, second, third, besides, additionally, etc.
• Space above, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.
• Illustration for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.
• Comparison similarly, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in comparison, too, etc.)
• Contrast but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other hand, although, on the contrary, otherwise, conversely, etc.
• Cause and Effect because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since, etc.
• Conclusion thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short, etc.
• Language Use- Appropriate language use refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form a text.
• Formal language - is used in writing academic, business and official texts
• Informal language - is usually used in writing for oneself, friends, family and colleagues.