MICRO 1

• How are Microbiomes used in the human world?

  disease, digestion, wastewater treatment, fermentation, photosynthesis
• List from Domain to Species:

  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Viruses are acellular. Don't meet all life criteria. Different viruses infect all types of cells. Co-opt host cellular machinery to replicate.
• Prokaryotic Characteristics :

  • lack a membrane bound nucleus
  • bacteria and archaea
  • less cellular complexity
  • smaller
• Eukaryotic Characteristics:

  • contain a membrane bound nucleus
  • protists, fungi, helminths
  • more cellular complexity
  • larger
• Archaea: prokaryotic, no known pathogens, inhabit nearly every habitat on earth.
• Protozoa: diverse group of heterotrophic unicellular organisms
• Helminths: eukaryotic, multicellular parasitic worms, includes flatworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. Often transmitted similarly to unicellular pathogens.
• Cell Theory:

  1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. All cells come from pre-existing cells
  3. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization that performs life functions
• Endosymbiosis: the process by which eukaryotic cells obtain mitochondria and phototrophs obtain plastids
• Importance of Endosymbiosis:

  Mitochondria provide the energy needed to support eukaryotes. Plastids provide photosynthetic capability for eukaryotes.
• Cocci Arrangements:

  • Single One: Coccus
  • Two: Diplococci
  • Grape Cluster: Staphylococci
  • Chain: Streptococci
  • Cube Shape: Sarcina
  • Four: Tetrad
• Bacilli Arrangement:

  • Single: Bacilli
  • Two: Diplobacilli
  • Chain: Streptobacilli
  • V-shaped Wall: Palisades
  • Rounded Single: Coccobacillus
• Isotonic Solution: the same concentration of solutes. No net movement of water across the cell.
• Hypertonic Solution: solution outside of the cell has a higher solute concentration. Water leaves the cell. Crenation occurs.
• Hypotonic Solution: solution outside of the cell has a lower solute concentration. Water particles move into the cell. Cell expands and eventually lyses.
• Prokaryotic DNA:

  • chromosomes are typically circular, haploid, and not bound by a nucleus
  • some DNA is found in plasmids
  • ribosomes have 70S ribosomes
• Endospores: protect the cell when the environment is inhospitable.
• Glycocaclyx: sugar coat on the outside of the cell wall

  • Slime Layer: loosely attached (glycoproteins or glycolipids)
  • Capsule: organized layer (polysaccharides or proteins)
• Eukaryotes vary greatly in structure and function.
• Nucleus: most important feature, surrounded by nuclear membrane, houses DNA in chromosomes. The shape is determined by nuclear lamina.
• Nucleolus: dense region within the nucleus where rRNA biosynthesis occurs.
• Golgi Apparatus: modifies lipids and proteins transported from ER.
• Lysosomes: allows cell to compartmentalize digestion of food, damaged organelles, etc.
• Mitochondria: makes energy for the cell through aerobic respiration
• Eukaryotic Locomotion:

  • Flexible whip-like Flagella
  • Cilia: short, hair like structures covering the outside of the cell.
• Prokaryotic Cell Walls:

  • present in most
  • peptidoglycan in bacteria
  • pseudopeptidoglycan in archaea
• Eukaryotic Cell Walls:

  • present in some
  • cellulose in fungi and plants
• Mutualism: both populations benefit
• Amensalism: one is harmed, one is unaffected
• Commensalism: one is benefitted, one is unaffected
• Neutralism: both are unaffected
• Parasitism: one is benefitted, one is harmed
• Microbiome: all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms associated with a certain organism or environment
• Obligate Anaerobes: can not grow in the presence of Oxygen
• Obligate Aerobes: can only grow in the presence of Oxygen
• Facultative Anaerobes: can grow in Oxygen, but they prefer other things like Nitrogen
• Aerotolerant Anaerobes: do not have a preference
• Microaerophiles: have a very specific amount of Oxygen that they prefer
• Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and stain purple.

  Ex: Staphylococcus sp.