the delhi sultanate

• Muhammad Ghori's successors continued to expand their territory until it included most of North India.
• 1206-1526-Delhi Sultanate (5 dynasties-Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid & Lodhi)
• Qutub Minar.by Qutubudin Aibak.Dedicated to Sufi saint Qutubudin Bakhtiyar Kaki.Completed by Iltumish.Has 5 storeys tapering as they ascend separated by a balcony. Red sandstone,marble&quartz used.

  Quran verses & intricate carvings, and floral motifs were found.
• Sources of Information -Illuminated manuscripts - handwritten works of authors decorated with gold/silver to highlight important words/passages.

   
• Founder- Qutubudin Aibak.Son Aaram Shah.Son in law-Iltumish.Iltumish's Daughter Razia.Razia's Brother -Rukhnuddin

   
• Mamluk Sultans- means 'owned'.Early rulers were slaves of Turks or sons of slaves.
• Lakhbaksh title given to QA for liberal distribution of money.

  *1210- QA dies falling from a horse in Lahore.

  *Son -Aaram Shah.Overthrown by Iltumish.Iltumish nominates daughter Razia as successor as sons are incapable. Nobles oppose & appoint their son Rukhnuddin as Sultan. Razia overthrew the sultan & became the first woman ruler in 1236.

  • Kaikubad-last ruler of the dynasty murdered in 1290 & Khiljis arose.
• Mohd Ghori defeats Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 in 2nd battle of Tarain.Appoints slave general Qutubudin Aibak as general of conquered land
•  Aibak-conqured fort of Kalinjarin Bundelkhand & Anhilwara.
• Founder- Jalaluddin khilji. Nephew -Alauddin Khilji
• Kills last ruler of slave Dynasty.

  -Gets  killed by nephew Allauddin Khilji.

   
• Allauddin Khilji-faces rebellion by MonGols.Massacres many Mongols.Conquers Malwa, territories including Ujjain, Dhar, Chanderi& Mandu. Conquers most of North India.
• Market Regulations.

  -Market Regulations-He Fixes cost of all commodities- rice,sugar oil etc.Sets up 3 markts in Delhi –One each for foodgrains,for costly cloth and one for horses,slave and cattle.Each market under put under charge of a controller of market-Shahna.

   
• Deccan Expeditions-1st Sultan who set an expedition to Deccan under Malik Kafur.Kingdoms conquered were Devagiri,Warangal,Dwarasamudra and Madhurai.Kingdoms were not annexed. Rulers were forced to pay annual tribute and accept lordship of A Khilji.
• Reasons for not annexing deccan territories-1)It was difficult practically to control these distant lands from Delhi. 2)He was more interested in acquiring wealth of these areas for maintaining his army.
• Measures against Nobility-1) Nobles were not allowed to have parties or festivities or marriage alliances without sultans permission 2)Use of wine & intoxicants banned,Gambling forbidden 3)Introduced cash salaries for soldiers 4)Efficient spy system established to keep check on activities of nobles.
• Military Reforms-1) 1st ruler who laid the foundation of a permanent standing army.Imported quality horses & started the system of branding them(Dagh).Introduced Chehra system-a kind of identity card for every soldier.The Sultan himself approved all recruitments & paid cash salaries to soldiers.
• Revenue Reforms-AK bought all land under direct control of the empire. Introduced the practice of measuring the land and fixing the state share accordingly. Land revenue increased to one-half (from 1/3rd) and demanded cash payment.
• Khilji dynasty ended when Ghazi Malik, the governer of Dipalpur ascended the throne.