PAGS

• Finding concentration: 25cm alkali in conical flask , acid in burette, record start and initial / colour change, repeated until concordant, find mean titre, moles of alkali, moles of acid using equation, concentration of acid
• how to find RAM of magnesium:

  1.mix sulfuric acid and magnesium recording all volumes, masses and concentrations

  2. measure hydrogen gas collected

  3. use moles = volume/RTP and moles = mass/RAM to find
• to collect a gas use...

  inverted measuring cylinder or gas syringe

  
• determine the composition of simple copper (II) carbonate

  1. mix simple copper II carbonate and sulfuric acid write down all measurements
  2. measure volume of carbon dioxide collected
  3. moles = volume / RTP
  4. moles = mass / RFM
  5. (RFM of CuCO3 / Mr of simple copper carbonate) x 100
• simple copper carbonate


  CuCO3 - Cu(OH)2
• determine formula of copper oxide:

  1. measure mass of magnesium powder, crucible and lid
  2. heat crucible with lid open enough to allow air in but not loose product
  3. weigh product, crucible and lid
  4. initial mass - final mass
  5. find moles of each using moles = mass / Mr
  6. compare moles in ration to find formula
• heating a crucible

  crucible tripod set up

  A) heat proof mat

  B) Bunsen burner

  C) tripod

  D) clay pipe triangle

  
• determination of enthalpy change of neutralisation:

  1. measure volume of acid
  2. measure temperature every minute for 3 minutes
  3. add same volume of alkali
  4. do not measure temperature for a minute
  5. measure the temperature of the mixture every minute for 5 minutes
  6. stir mixture using thermometer when measuring
  7. draw graph of temperature (y) by time (x)
  8. draw 2 lines of best fit and extrapolate second one to 4 minutes
  9. find temperature change
  10. use energy absorbed equation, find moles acid and divide to get negative answer
• when measuring temperature change of a reaction use...

  Styrofoam cup and thermometer

  
• determination of enthalpy change of combustion:

  1. fill copper can with water and record volume and temperature
  2. record mass of spirit and burner
  3. light and heat for 15 minutes
  4. reweigh spirit burner
  5. calculate energy absorbed/ released using equation
  6. calculate mass of spirit burnt, initial - final
  7. calculate moles of spirit using moles = mass / Mr
  8. energy / moles = negative
• when using a spirit burner use...

  a clamp and a copper or metal can

  
• preparing a standard solution:

  1. weigh 2.1g of alkali in weighing boat
  2. wash into measuring beaker
  3. add distilled water and stir
  4. wash all equipment into volumetric flask
  5. make up solution to desired volume
  6. Find concentration using mass/volume