PCM block 1

• Public Health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals.
• The mission of Public Health is to fulfill society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy.
• Public health aims to provide maximum benefit for the largest number of people.
• Public health focuses on groups of people, rather than just an individual.
• At the core of public health lies the principle of social justice, providing people the right to be healthy and to live in conditions that will support their health.
• A determinant is a factor that contributes to the generation of a trait.
• An epidemic or outbreak is an occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
• A health outcome is the result of a medical condition that directly affects the length or quality of a person’s life.
• Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Sir Austin Bradford Hill's criteria for disease causation include strength of association, consistency of the observed association, specificity, temporality, biologic gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy.
• Partners in public health include media, employers and businesses, government agencies, and academia.
• The health impact pyramid includes health promotion, disease prevention, and health improvement.
• Public health approach includes surveillance, risk factor identification, intervention, evaluation, implementation, and ten essential public health services.
• The ten essential public health services include assessment, policy development, assurance, surveillance, health education, health promotion, emergency preparedness, and response, and workforce development.
• The three core functions of public health are assessment, assurance, and policy development.
• The future of public health includes monitoring health, diagnosing and investigating, informing, educating, empowering, mobilizing community partnership, developing policies, enforcing laws, linking to provide care, assuring a competent workforce, evaluating, and research.
• Health determinants include genes and biology, health behaviors, social or societal characteristics, and health services or medical care.
• The core functions at government levels include assessment, policy development, assurance, and evaluation.
• Clinical care refers to the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by medical and allied health professions; also known as health care.
• Community health refers to the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions both private and public (governmental) to promote, protect and preserve their health.
• Public Health and Clinical Medicine differ in their focus, ethic, emphasis, and joint laboratory and field involvement.
• Morbidity is the number of people suffering from a disease at a given time.
• Mortality is the number of people who died from a disease.
• Prevalence is the number of people who have a disease in a given time.
• Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease.
• Disease Causation: Sir Austin Bradford Hill’s criteria include strength of association, consistency of the observed association, specificity, temporality, biologic gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy.
• Prevention effectiveness is a public health approach to assess and evaluate programs, policy and practices.
• Prevention effectiveness is the systematic assessment of the impact of public health policies, programs, and practices on health outcomes by determining their effectiveness, safety, and costs.
• Prevention effectiveness study design includes examining costs and benefits, evaluating and allocating health care resources, and assessing the impact of different policies, programs, and practices.
• Public health includes professionals from many fields working together with the common purpose of protecting the health of the population.
• A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver healthcare services to meet the health needs of target populations.
• The goal of a health system is to provide a route from inputs to health outcomes through achieving greater access to and coverage for effective health interventions, without compromising the efforts to ensure and provide quality and safety.
• The six building blocks of a health system are health services, health workforce, health information system, access to essential medical products, vaccines and technologies, health financing system, and leadership and governance.
• Health services are those which deliver effective, safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions to those that need them, when and where needed, with minimum waste of resources.
• These economic evaluation methods use many different sources of data and consider the costs, benefits, and disadvantages of different program and policy options.
• Prevention effectiveness is measured through applied research, such as community demonstrations and implementation.
• Direct costs in prevention effectiveness studies include medications, medical devices, computer software and equipment, research and development, inpatient care, and more.
• Prevention plausibility is the likelihood of prevention working.
• Indirect costs in prevention effectiveness studies include changes in productivity, costs of absenteeism, foregone leisure time, time spent caring for the patient, and more.
• Costs in prevention effectiveness studies can be categorized as direct, indirect, intangible, and opportunity costs.