Chapter 4 and 5

• The basic structural and functional units of every organism

  Cells
• What four things do all cells contain?

  Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)

  Contain Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

  Contains Chromosomes

  Contains ribosomes
• What are the two types of cells?

  Prokaryote and Eukaryote
• Characteristics of Prokaryotes

  In Domains Bacteria and Archaea

  DNA is in the nucleoid region

  Generally smaller than eukaryotes
• Characteristics of eukaryotes

  • Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
  • DNA is in the nucleus
  • Contain membrane bound organelles
• Endomembrane Organelles

  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Complex
  • Lysosomes
  • Vesicles/Vacuoles
  • Plasma Membrane
• Energy Organelles

  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
• Allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations?

  Compartmentalization
• Plant Cell Components

  • Chloroplasts
  • Central Vacuole
  • Cell Wall
  • Plasmodesmata
• Animal Cell Components

  • Lysosomes
  • Centrosomes
  • Flagella
• Modifies and packages proteins for transport

  Golgi
• Makes proteins

  Rough ER
• Synthesizes lipids (makes membrane) and detoxifies cell

  Smooth ER
• Makes ribosomes?

  Nucleolus
• Controls what goes in and out of the cell?

  Plasma Membrane
• Found only in animal cells and contain hydrolytic enzymes to break things down?

  Lysosomes
• Found in animal cells and make spindle fibers?

  Centrioles
• Gives structure and support for plant cells and made of cellulose?

  Cell Wall
• Make Proteins?

  Ribsomes
• Forms via Phagocytosis and then are digested by lysosomes?

  Food vacuole
• Maintain water levels in cells?

  Contractile vacuole
• Found in plants, contains inorganic ions and water and is important for turgot pressure?

  Central Vacuole
• The theory that explains similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote. States that an early eukaryotic engulfed a prokaryotic cell?

  Endosymbiont Theory
• Evidence of Endosymbiont Theory:

  • Double membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Circular DNA
  • Capable of functioning on their own
• Site of cellular respiration?

  Mitochondria
• Double membrane of nucleus: Outer membrane is smooth and inner membrane has folds called cristae
• Space between inner and outer membrane?

  Intermembrane
• Enclosed by inner membrane (location for the krebs cycle)?

  Mitochondrial matrix
• Specialized organelles in photosynthetic organisms, site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll?

  Chloroplast
• Fluid around thylakoids in chloroplast (Calvin cycle)?

  Stroma
• A network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm?

  Cytoskeleton
• Movement occurs when the cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins
• 3 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton:

  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
• Hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tubulin, grow from centrosome and assist in microtubule assembly?

  Microtubules
• Function of microtubules:

  • Serve as structural support for the movement of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins
  • Assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division
  • Cell motility
• Thin solid rods made of the protein actin?

  Microfilaments
• Functions of microfilaments:

  • Maintain cell shape
  • Assist in muscle contraction and cell motility
  • Division of animal cells
• Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits?

  Intermediate Filaments
• Functions of Intermediate Filaments:

  • Maintain cell shape
  • Anchor nucleus and organelles
  • Form the nuclear lamina
• Which shape of prokaryotic cell normally does not exist as one single cell, but is instead found in groups of cells with specific names based on their arrangement?

  spherical (coccus)