Geography- paper 2

• Physical causes of uneven development:

  . Landlocked countries have no coastline. No ports for trade.

  . Extreme weather- tropical storms and droughts

  . Lack of access to clean water
• Economic causes for uneven development:

  . Unfair trade

  . HICs make high value goods from primary products
• Historical causes for uneven development:

  . Colonialism- European countries exploited African countries

  . War- unsuitable governments have been elected
• Effects of development gap- Lack of wealth and poverty:

  . LICs are in debt to HICs

  . Africa only has 1% of global wealth and 15% of global population
• Effects of development gap- Poor health:

  . High infant morality(children death under age of 1)

  . Infectious diseases like HIV and AIDS

  . Clean water(leads to cholera) and food shortages
• Demographic Transition Model:

  Stage 1= Birth and death rate HIGH (E.g Rainforests)
• Stage 2 DTM= Birth rate HIGH, death rate decreases. (E.g very poor LICs)

  • Due to improving health care
  • Fast population growth due to natural increase
• Stage 3 DTM= Birth rate DROPS, death rate decreases slowly.

  (E.g LICs and NEE countries, India, Kenya, Brazil)
• Stage 4 DTM- Low birth rate AND death rate (E.g UK and USA)

  • due to good health care
• Stage 5 DTM= Birth rate drops BELOW death rate (E.g Germany and Japan)

  • Natural decrease causing population to fall
  • lead to problems like shortage of workers and high dependency ratio
• Dependency Ratio- The population of people that are too old or too young to work
• HICs Population Pyramid:

  . Narrow base= low birth rate

  . Wider top= High life expectancy
• LICs Population Pyramid:

  . Wide base= high birth rate

  . Narrow top = low life expectancy
• Fairtrade:

  • LICs usually Export cheaper primary products
  • Tariffs/ Quotas= taxes imposed on imports
  • HICs are dependent on LICs for primary products
  • Trade surplus= value of exports is GREATER than imports
• India:

  • Literacy rate is over 70%
  • NEE
  • Located in southern Asia
  • Population of 1.3 billion
• Rapid development in India is resulting in changes to their industrial structure:

  1. Primary industry
  2. Secondary industry
  3. Tertiary and quarternary industries
• Indias Industrial Structure:

  • Primary industry

  . Lots of India’s population works in agriculture

  . Over half of workers work in primary industries (farming, mining)

  . Fuels and oils are worth 14.9% of India’s exports and minerals from mining make up 12.4% of India’s export
• TNCs:

  Disadvantages in India:

  • Not all profit’s stays in host country
  • Stop local competition emerging
  • Can exploit tax incentives across diff countries
• TNCs:

  Advantages in India:

  • 2018, Unilever employed 18,000 people
  • Create jobs
  • Train people in skills demanded in developed countries
  • Unilever and Vodafone make profits in India- taxed by government + spent on improving infrastructure
• What sector accounts for 60% of India’s GNI?

  Tertiary and quarternary industry
• Types of Aid:

  • Short term- given immediately after a disaster or conflict to help a country recover
  • Long term- Aid to encourage development and resilience of a country
  • Bilateral- one country to another ( can be tied)
  • Multilateral- given to organisations such as the World Bank which then redistributes to LICs
  • Voluntary- charities (E.g Goat aid from Oxfam)
• Reducing Development gap:

  • Investment from TNCs

  . Adv- provides jobs and boosts economy

  . Dis- exploit workers with poor pay and long hours

  • Fair trade

  . Adv- farmers get better income

  . Dis- only benefits fair trade farms, many are not