african music + vocal norms + rhythms

• The soloist sings chants a line that is repeated or answered by the other singers.
• Maracatu (maracatu de bouquet virado; “maracatu of the turned-around beat”) - is an Afro-Brazilian performance genre
• Blues - a kind of American folk music that developed from Black spiritual popular in the early 1900’s
• Spiritual is a type of religious vocal form developed by African-Americans.
• Call & Response is a feature of African vocal music that was incorporated by American blacks in their spirituals & work songs, & later in blues & gospel music.
• Spirituals are consisted of a simple melody often based on pentatonic (five tone) scale.
• Soul - a type of vocal music popular in the United States in the 1960's