hydrosphere

• Hydrosphere contains water in all its forms from in/on/around the earth
• Water is a renewable resource which is essential for all organisms
• Water is often unevenly distributed, human activities affect the quanity/quality of available water
• Human uses of water involve: agriculture, industry snd domestic uses
• Agriculture uses around 70 percent of water on activities like irrigation
• Industry uses around 22 percent of water on activities such as cooling, heating, washing and solvents
• Domestic uses of water use around 8 percent of global water, on activities such as flushing. Washing and hygiene
• Global demand on water is increasing due to an increase in population, the birth rate is higher than the death or immigration rate
• Global demand of water is increasing due to increased irrigation of farmland
• Global demand of water has increased due to an increase in per-capita use due to increased affluence
• Global demand of water has increased due to industrialisation
• Hydrological cycle is powered by solar power: it warms the water on earth causing evaporation causing it to rise into the atmosphere cooling, condensing and precipitation to occur
• Reservoirs in the water cycle include: oceans, ice, lakes, atmosphere, ground water, soil moisture and living organisms
• Temperature and humidity control when condenstaion occur
• Interception is when water is impeded by vegetation before reaching the ground, this is then evaporated back into the atmosphere
• Infiltration is the rate at which water enters soil into the ground
• Percolation is the flow of water through pore spaces in rocks
• Groundwater flow is the movement of water through pore spaces in rocks
• Surface runoff is the flos of water over impermeable ground surfaces
• Evaporation is the process of liquid water turning into water vapour
• Transpiration is the process of water being taken up by roots and released as water vapour through the leaf Pores
• Water table is the upper level of an underground surface inwhich soil or rocks are permanantly saturated with water
• Sublimation is the conversion of a substance from a solid to a gas without a liquid stage
• Dynamic equilibrium is when the rate of reaction is constant and the concentration of reactants and products is constant
• Evaporation of water from bodies of water and transpiration from plants are balanced out by condensation to form clouds and subsequent precipitation
• Water often doesn't cycle quickly, water in a reservoir may stay there for a long time
• Average length of time in which water molecules stay in one reservoir is called residence time
• Residence timebis measured by dividing volume of water in reservoir by average transfer rate
• When water is not removed from a store and used when it is this is known as non-abstractive
• Energy generation is a non abstraction use of water, hydroelectric dams use the kinetic energy of water to create power
• Non abstraction use of water involves transport such as boats on sea or rivers
• Non abstraction uses of water include recreation activities or wildlife conservation
• Thermohaline circulation refers to the global ocean currents driven by differences in temperature and salinity, it helps redistribute heat around the planet
• Subsidence agriculture relies on naturally available irrigation, commercial agriculture has a higher income allowing more money to be invested in irrigation schemes