Ab Psych Exam 1

• Abnormal psychology

  scientific study of abnormal behavior with the intent to be able to predict reliably, explain, diagnose, identify the causes of, and treat maladaptive behavior
• Mental disorders


  characterized by psychological dysfunction, which causes physical/ psychological distress of impaired functioning, and is not an expected behavior according to societal/ cultural standards
• Psychology


  the science of behavior and mental processes
• Disease model

  human behavior could be modified if the correct combination of reinforcements and punishments were used. focused on curing mental disorders
• Psychologists were seen as victimologists and pathologizers
• Who is associated with positive psychology

  Martin Seligman
• 5 D's

  deviance, distress, disability/ dysfunction, danger, duh
• Deviance

  • abnormal/ atypical
  • statistical deviance
  • violation of norms
• Distress

  • disturbing to others
  • causes personal distress, anguish
  • out of proportion to the situation
• Disability/ Dysfunction

  • maladaptive
  • impairment in daily life, disabling, intereferes with functioning, at risk for suffering
• Danger

  • risk of harm to self or others
  • hallucinations/ delusions
  • injury, irresponsibility
  • suicide that puts others at risk
• Duh

  • unjustifiable
  • unexpected
  • outside of cultural norms
• Supernatural model

  causes: divine intervention, demons, curses, personal sin

  treatments: exorcism, confession
• Biological model

  causes: disease process, breakdown of bodily systems

  treatments: restore body functions, drugs, surgery
• Psychological model

  causes: beliefs/ coping styles, life events- trauma, chronic stress, bereavement

  treatments: change of environment- rest/ relax, cognitive restructuring
• Trephining

  stone instrument used to remove part of the skull and create an opening to allow evil spirits to escape through so the person could return to normal behavior
• Plato

  understanding came from thinking about things. nature/genetics/inherited
• Aristotle

  studied life by observing it. nurture/ environment/ experience
• Hippocrates

  mental illness was due to organ malfunction of the brain - phrenitis
• Body humors

  blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
• Middle ages- what POV?

  supernatural (witchcraft)
• Delusion

  a false, fixed belief
• Hallucination

  hearing and seeing things that are not really there
• Philipe Pinel

  paris. moral treatment of patients
• Jean- Baptise Pussin

  worked with Pinel. former patient
• Dorothea Dix

  sunday school teacher in prisons who noticed the mentally ill and created hospitals for them
• Tuke's retreat

  england. kind, considerate and treated patients with dignity and courtesy. drug treatments. virtues of work and kept records
• Benjamin Rush

  father of American psychiatry. advocated for humane treatment. treatments included: tranquilizing chair, bloodletting
• Wundt

  created first psychology lab. applied scientific method to psychology. introspection- similar to Plato
• Dr. Mesmer

  father of hypnosis. said that hysterical states were misdistributed magnetic fluids in the body
• Charcot

  caused hysteria to be viewed as illness/ disorder of the mind
• Breuer


  induced hypnosis then had patients speak about past upsetting events. when they woke up they were free of hysteria- catharsis/ cathardic method (release of pent up emotion)
• Pavlov

  • classical conditioning
  • salivation in dogs
  • standard for treatment of laboratory animals
• Watson

  • classical conditioning
  • studied only behavior that can be observed
  • environment
  • Little Albert experiment
• Skinner

  • operant conditioning
  • studied effects of reinforcement on behavior
  • skinner box
• Santiago Ramon y Cajal

  • first to stain and identify a whole neuron
  • postulated the synapse
• Otto Lowie

  • discovered first neurotransmitter
  • chemical substance that conveys message fromone neuron to another
  • acetylcholine
• Pierre Paul Broca

  • specific brain areas for specific functions
  • emotions- Le Grande Lobe Limbic
  • speech production- area in left frontal lobe
• When did psychology become an independent discipline?

  19th century
• American Psychological Association

  research