Enterovirus, Hepatitis

• Enteroviruses are part of the Picornavirus (RNA) with an isometric capsid (encapsulated), no pericapsidic sheet, and one RNA molecule with polarity.
• Enteroviruses cause gastroenteritis in children.
• Enteroviruses include: Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Parechovirus, Klassevirus, Hepatovirus.
• Enteroviruses have low pathogenicity.
• There are three groups of Enteroviruses: Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, and Echovirus.
• Polioviruses are divided into three serotypes that cause paralytic poliomyelitis.
• Polioviruses cause aseptic meningitis in extraintestinal locations and spontaneous healing.
• Polioviruses in poliomyelitis localize in the motor neurons, causing lesions that have led to neurophagis and complete destruction.
• Coxsackieviruses cause various diseases, including extensa myositis with necrosis of muscle (subtype A) and necrotic plaques in CNS, muscles, pancreas (subtype B).
• Coxsackieviruses can infiltrate every organ, causing vesicular pharyngitis, aseptic meningitis, epidemic myalgia, myocarditis, and pericarditis.
• Enteroviruses can also be classified according to the phylum, with five species: Poliovirus, Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C, Enterovirus D.
• Enteroviruses are acid resistant of chemical- physical action, bile, gastric juices.
• Enteroviruses have long survival in external environment.
• Enteroviruses cause cytopathic effect or cytolytic effect.
• Except for Coxsackievirus A (rat), all Enteroviruses grow in numerous cells.
• Enterovirus 70 infects with inplant direct in the conjunctiva.
• Enteroviruses can be transmitted through oro- fecal transmission and GIT.
• Enteroviruses cross passively the mucosae through the M cells, multiplying and diffusing in blood/lymph to the reticular- endothelial cells and to the targets.
• Enteroviruses cause various and multiformed pathology, usually at the subclinical level, multiplying in the inculcation points.
• Enteroviruses are associated with vesicular exanthems, meningo- encephalitis, extensive respiratory problems of low tracts.
• In children, Enteroviruses can cause neurological complications and lax paralysis.
• Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is a complication of Coxsackievirus.
• Vaccine of poliomyelitis is done by inactivated virus.
• Echhovirus causes aseptic meningitis, macule- papule exanthems and pharyngitis.
• Hepatitis A, also known as HAV, is a virus in the Hepatovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family.
• Hepatitis A has no pericapsidic sheet, one RNA with + polarity, and is bound to the hepatocytes and integrates the genome with endocytosis.
• Hepatitis A replicates in the cytoplasm and its replication in culture is slow.
• Hepatitis A usually causes a subclinical course or modest symptoms without icterus, has oro- fecal transmission (no blood).
• After the infection, immunity to Hepatitis A is long- lived.
• Diagnosis of Hepatitis A is done by demonstrating antibodies anti- HAV of IgM (acute phase) and last for 3 months after.
• Control of Hepatitis A infection involves aseptic approaches and no hospitalization.
• Treatment for Hepatitis A includes gamma globulins and attenuates the eventual symptoms.
• A vaccine for Hepatitis A is made of infected cells, purified and inactivated, and requires one dose and then recall after 6- 12 months.
• Hepatitis E, also known as HEV, is a virus in the Hepeviridae genus of the Hepevirus genus.
• Hepatitis E has no pericapsidic sheet, an isometric capsid, one RNA with + polarity, and three different sequences: ORF1 for non-structural proteins of RNA polymerases, ORF2 for principal proteins of capsid, and ORF3 for protein for ORF2 interaction and production of CCK for replication of virus.
• Hepatitis E is transmitted through the oro- fecal transmission of water supplies, has a 1- 4 genotypes, and has a high mortality rate for pregnant women.
• Hepatitis B, also known as HBV, is a virus in the Orthohepadnavirus genus of the Hepadnavirus family.
• Hepatitis B has four sections of codes for virus- specific proteins in its genome, is human specific, binds with hepatocytes through the specific receptor made up by glycoprotein, is included in the cell, uncoated, DNA is transferred to nucleus, and its replication is maturation in the ergastoplasma level.
• Hepatitis B has L, M, S surface proteins, is relatively stable in genomic organization and antigenic one, and has genotypes A- H.
• Hepatitis B can be transmitted through iatrogenic inoculation of infected blood, STD and transplacental, has a long incubation, and its initial phase involves virons being in circulation, together with HBsAg and HBeAg.