Histo 12 - Reading 2

• 1. During the Philippine Revolution in 1898-1899, initial confidence among Spaniards in Manila persisted while Emilio Aguinaldo was in exile in Hong Kong. The Guardia de Honor, a peasant society, collaborated with the Spaniards in their insurrection.
• 2. Advocates like Teodoro and Doroteo Pansacula, labeled as robbers, pushed for common property ownership. Meanwhile, elites like Pedro Paterno sought reforms, envisioning autonomous government and representation in the Spanish cortes.
• 3. Felipe Buencamino's defection marked elite abandonment of the Spanish Government, realizing the revolution lacked US support.
• 4. Aguinaldo's successful local government reorganization showcased Filipino self-governance. Elections and broadening the government validated the revolution, though challenges arose.
• 5. Elite dominance led to a divisive civilian-military rivalry, perpetuating a cacique society. Elections raised questions about power structures, attitudes toward the Revolution, and mass participation.
• 6. Aguinaldo often sided with the principalia, leading to voided elections and calls for qualified candidates. The election of officials with Spanish sympathies complicated deciphering loyalty, reinforcing the elitist nature of the Republican government.
• 7. Civil-military conflicts emerged as military functions became independent, causing issues during conflicts with the Americans.
• 8. The alienation of the masses occurred due to demands for personal services from both civil and military authorities. Aguinaldo lacked means to impose centralized control, resulting in political disorganization, discontent, and frustration during the revolution.