equations

• iron (||) sulfate [Fe(H2O)6]2+

  colour - green
• iron (|||) chloride [Fe(H2O)6]3+

  colour - violet
• copper (||) nitrate [Cu(H2O)6]2+

  colour - blue
• Aluminium chloride [Al(H2O)6]3+

  colour - colourless
• [M(H2O)6]2+ + 2H2O --> [M(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H3O+
• [M(H2O)6]3+ + 3H2O --> [M(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H3O+
• [M(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- --> [M(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
• [M(H2O)6]3+ + 3 OH- --> [M(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O
• [M(H2O)6]2+ + 2 NH3 --> [M(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2 NH4+
• [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 --> [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O
• 2[M(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO32- --> 2[M(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2 + 3H2O
• [M(H2O)6]2+ + CO32- --> MCO3 + 6H2O
• Reaction with a base (drop wise) (hydrolysis)

  [M(H2O)6]2++ 2OH- --> [M(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O

  [M(H2O)6]2++ 2NH3 --> [M(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2NH4+
• Reactions with CO32- (precipitate)

  [M(H2O)6]2+ + CO32- --> MCO3 + 6H2O
• Reactions with excess NH3 (ligand substitution)

  [Cu(H2O)4 (OH)2]2+ + 4NH3 --> [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 2H2O + 2OH-
• Reaction with a base (drop wise) (hydrolysis)

  [M(H2O)6]3++ 3OH- --> [M(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

  [M(H2O)6]3++ 3NH3 --> [M(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3NH4+
• Reactions with CO32- (hydrolysis)

  2[M(H2O)6]3++ 3CO32- --> 2[M(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2 + 3H2O
• Reactions with excess OH- (hydrolysis)

  [Al(H2O)3(OH)3]3+ +OH- -->[Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- + H2O
• [Cu(H2O)6]2+

  hexaaquaion

  blue solution
• [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2]

  OH- / NH3 few drops

  blue precipitate
• [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2]

  OH- excess

  blue precipitate
• [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

  NH3 excess

  deep blue solution
• CuCO3

  CO32- - hydrolysis with 3+ ions

  green-blue precipitate
• [CuCl4]-

  conc. HCL

  yellow - green solution
• [Fe(H2O)6]2+

  hexaaquaion

  green solution
• [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]

  Oh- / NH3

  green precipitate / brown in air
• [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]

  OH- in excess

  green precipitate / brown in air
• [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]

  NH3 in excess

  green precipitate / brown in air
• FeCO3

  CO32- hydrolysis with 3+ ions

  green precipitate
• [Fe(H2O)6]3+

  hexaaquaion

  purple solution
• [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]

  OH- / NH3

  brown precipitate
• [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]

  OH- excess

  brown precipitate
• [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]

  NH3 in excess

  brown precipitate
• [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + CO2

  CO32- hydrolysis with CO32-

  brown precipitate
• [Al(H2O)6]3+

  hexaaquaion

  colourless solution
• [Al(H2O)3(OH)3]

  OH- / NH3 few drops

  white precipitate
• [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]-

  OH- excess

  colourless solution
• [Al(H2O)3(OH)3]

  NH3 in excess

  white precipitate
• [Al(H2O)3(OH)3] + CO2

  CO32-

  white precipitate
• [Co(H2O)6]2+

  colour - pink