Questioned Document Examination

• Chemical Erasure- The writing is effaced using liquid ink eradicator.
• Mechanical or Abrasive Erasure- The writing is effaced by rubbing by a rubber eraser or by scratching out with knife or other sharp instrument
• The addition or substitution of the original characteristics (numbers, letters, figures) present in a genuine document
• Interlineation/ Intercalation- A process of inserting between the letters of within the lines or pages of the document
• Superimposition - A process of superimposing the writings to covers up the original characters of the genuine document
• Obliteration - A process to remove or destroy all traces of or to blot out or render undecipherable (writing, marks, etc.)
• Cut and Paste- A process of cutting or providing closely similar characters with that in the genuine document and paste on the portion intended for alteration
• Magnifying Glass, also known as hand-lens, has a magnifying power of two times the original only.
• Shadowgraph- A pictorial image formed by casting a shadow, usually of the hands, upon a rightful surface or screen.
• Micro and Macro Stand Lamp ensures that the camera lens remains in the center part of the bottom plate during the height adjustment.
• Transmitted Light- A device where light comes from beneath or behind glass on document is placed
• Oblique Light Examination Decipherment of faded writing, determination o outlines in traced forgery, embossed impress etc are subjected to this type of examination.
• Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) Used in the examination of masked or obliterate text, watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing
• Ultra-Violet Lamp provides radiation or illumination in order to visibly notice invisible features in a document like those of paper money
• Infrared Light Viewer is primarily used to decipher writings in a charred document.
• Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) is a device that can detect indention/ indented writings that can record transparencies of any indention.