Retroviridae, Orthomyxovirus.

• Retroviruses have a pericapsidic sheet and their genome consists of two identical RNA molecules with positive polarity.
• Retroviruses are retro-translated by DNA polymerase RNA-dependent.
• Retroviruses generate bicatenated DNA that is integrated into the host.
• Oncovirinae includes alfa, beta, delta, epsilon retrovirus.
• Lentivirinae includes lentivirus.
• Spumavirinae includes spumavirus.
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), is Lentivirus.
• HIV I is associated with AIDS.
• HIV II is less virulent, found in Africa, Caribbean, meridional America.
• The replicative cycle of HIV involves CD4, a specific receptor on the surface of T cells for MHC II, which is also found on monocytes, macrophageal tissues, dendritic follicles of lymph nodes, microglia of encephalus, dendritic of cutis and mucosa.
• The coreceptors for HIV are transmembrane molecules and chemokines, with CCR5 being found on macrophages.
• HIV- 1 lymphotropic uses LESTR or Fusin as receptor on stromal cell- derived factor 1.
• Infection with HIV starts with the anchorage of the virus to the membrane of cells, which binds to CD4 and exposes the other portion that binds to coreceptor.
• The liberation of the viral capsid nucleus occurs after fusion with the envelope and external membrane.
• The exposition and opening of the distal portion allow the penetration of viron in the cytoplasm.
• Retrotranscription into DNA and transfer of cDNA occur during the replicative cycle of HIV.
• The viral DNA integrated remains silent (latent infection) and can remain for many years.
• The antigens in HIV replication are the structural proteins.
• Genomic variability in HIV refers to its tropism for a specific cell or tissue.
• Pathogenesis of HIV involves transmission through blood, biological liquids, and transplacental transmission.
• The initial response to HIV infection is an anticorpal reaction.
• Acute retroviral syndrome is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, tiredness, macule- papule exanthema.
• Different stages of HIV infection include angular cheilitis, seborrheic dermatitis, ulcers recurrent in mouth, itchy papule exanthema, onychomycosis, chronic diarrhea, fever, oral candidosis, oral leukoplakia, TBC, bacterial infections recurrens, necrotizing ulcerous stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, hemocytopenia, opportunistic infections like recurrent pulmonitis, esophageal candidosis, criptococcosis… and neurodegenerative lesions.
• Diagnosis of HIV involves seropositivity, which is the presence of antibodies for HIV.
• Orthomyxoviruses have segmentate genomes, leading to variability.
• Influenza B causes epidemic manifestations and is exclusively interhuman.
• The diagnosis of orthomyxoviruses can be done through hemagglutination tests, antigen searches, and viral genome searches.
• Treatment for orthomyxoviruses includes inhibitors of neuraminidases.
• Orthomyxoviruses undergo antigenic drift (minor shifts) and antigenic shifts (completely new antigens).
• Influenza A has antigenic properties of glycoprotein H and causes aviary and swine influenza.
• Thogotovirus causes localized infections, mainly respiratory, and usually has mild symptoms.
• Orthomyxovirus includes Influenza A, Influenza B, Influenza C, and Thogotovirus.
• HTLV I is associated with leukemia and neurological pathologies.
• HTLV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus) is a Deltaretrovirus.
• Influenza C has hemagglutinin HEF with H and N activities and is exclusively interhuman.
• Vaccines for orthomyxoviruses are made using virus in chicken embryos and protective isolated antigens or attenuated virus.
• HTLV II has an undetermined role.