glaciers

• glacier: a slow moving mass of ice formed by the compaction of snow.
• glacial erosion:

  • abrasion - the 'sandpaper' effect where material is dragged underneath the glacier and erodes the bedrock of the valley. It leaves a smooth, polished surface.
  • plucking - when the ice of the glacier freezes onto parts of the bedrock of the valley. As the glacier moves, loose rock fragments are 'plucked' away. This leaves a jagged, rocky surface.
• freeze thaw weathering:

  • there are cracks in the rocks and when it rains it fills with water.
  • the water then freezes and expands, causing the crack to also expand.
  • this expansion causes the rock to break, leaving scree.
• basal slip: when the meltwater causes the glacier to move downhill.
• rotational slip: takes place in the hollow sides so the ice rotates as it moves.
• internal deformation: when ice crystals change shape due to the weight, causing it to move downhill.
• till: poorly sorted rocks that are jagged and angular.
• outwash: sediment that is well sorted and it is fine material.
• hanging valleys: small tributary glaciers that flowed into larger glaciers but didn't erode as deeply as the main glacier.
• ribbon lakes: at the bottom of glacial troughs, glaciers eroded soft rock faster than hard rock, creating long, thin lakes. For example Windermere.
• glacial troughs: ice moved through v-shaped valleys and eroded their sides and bottoms, forming wide, deep valleys.
• truncated spurs: as glaciers move downhill they eroded most obstacles. Any interlocking spurs from old river valleys were cut away leaving cliff-like edges.
• aretes: two corries developed back to back.
• pyramidal peaks: three or more corries developed back to back.
• corries: large valleys with steep back walls and shallow front lips.
• formation of corries mnemonic: stupid cows always pee in dirty water.
• formation of corries:

  • snow builds up in a hollow
  • snow gets compacted into ice and moves downhill
  • abrasion deepens the hollow and forms a rock basin
  • plucking creates a steep back wall
  • the ice then starts to melt
  • deposition occurs at the front and increases the height of the lip
  • water is held in the tarn
• the Lake District is England's largest national park covering 2362 km^2. It has a glacial landscape.
• the Lake District:

  glacial erosion features:

  • upland: the 950m Hellvellyn mountain is characterised by land forms of glacial erosion. There are also corries and aretes. An example of an arete is Striding Edge.
  • lowland: there are u-shaped glacial troughs, including Langdale. There are also hanging valleys and ribbon lakes. For example Windermere.
• the Lake District:

  glacial deposition features: Ennerdale is an area characterised by glacial deposition. There are also drumlins and erratics.
• lateral moraine: as material is eroded from the valley sides, mounds of deposited material form at the sides.
• medial moraine: a ridge of deposited material at the centre of the valley floor.
• ground moraine: when a glacier melts, material is deposited on the valley floor.
• terminal moraine: large mounds of material bulldozed down the valley by the snout of the glacier. This moraine is found at the front.
• drumlins: material is deposited and moved underneath a glacier as ground moraine. Sediment then builds up and creates a mound.
• erratics: a rock that differs from the surrounding rock and has been transported through glacial movements.
• the Lake District - tourism:

  challenges:

  • increased traffic congestion.
  • increased footpath erosion.
  • increased footfall can damage habitats.

  opportunities:

  • provides money and jobs for locals.
  • the landscape is perfect for things like hiking and biking.
• the Lake District - sheep farming:

  challenges:

  • farmers could close pathways which could limit access for tourists.
  • modern farm buildings could disrupt the natural landscape.

  opportunities:

  • the landscape is suitable for sheep farming.
  • U-shaped valleys are suitable for growing fodder crops. For example, hay.
• the Lake District - forestry:

  challenges:

  • logging destroys ecosystems and disrupts wildlife.
  • logged areas could be viewed as unattractive to tourists.

  opportunities:

  • provides money and jobs.
  • coniferous trees are well adapted to the area.
• the Lake District - quarrying:

  challenges:

  • causes pollution
  • destroys natural habitats

  opportunities:

  • glacially eroded landscapes provide rock that is highly desired by industries. For example slate.
• managing tourism: improving parking, reducing traffic congestion, transport hubs, repairing footpaths (a company that does this is Fix the Fells).
• social tourism impacts:

  • 89% of tourists arrive by car which causes congestion.
  • jobs are seasonal and poorly paid
• economic tourism impacts:

  • helps to boost the local economy
  • traffic congestion can slow business communications
• environmental tourism impacts:

  • pollution from cars can damage ecosystems.
  • honey spot sites are overcrowded and suffer from footpath erosion.
  • walkers can damage farmland.