DCUSH Semster 2 Exam 2

• Zimmerman Telegram: Offer to Mexico from Germany to attack the US in exchange for regaining land from the US.
• Wilson's Fourteen Points: A plan that called for open diplomacy, freedom of seas, reduction of armaments, free trade, adjustment of colonial claims, evacuation of Russia, independence of Poland, removal of economic barriers between nations, development of disarmament, formation of a league of nations, and territorial readjustments
• War effort increased the power of the federal government.
• Bernard Baruch, a Wall Street broker, headed the War Industries Board which set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices.
• Herbert Hoover, a distinguished engineer, took charge of the Food Administration and encouraged American households to eat less meat and bread so more food could be shipped abroad for French and British Troops, tripling US shipments of food.
• Harry Garfield headed the Fuel Administration which directed efforts to save coal.
• Nonessential factories were closed and daylight savings time went into effect for the first time.
• Treasury Secretary William McAdoo headed the Railroad Administration which took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standardized railroad equipment.
• Former president Taft was with the National War Labor board which helped arbitrate disputes since no one could go on strike during WWI.
• Wilson's war government managed to raise 33 billion in two years through a combination of loans and taxes as a result of liberty bonds and four massive bond events.
• The U.S government used techniques of patriotic persuasion and legal intimidation to ensure public support of the war effort.
• The Committee on public information (CPI) established the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars.
• During World War I, public opinion consisted of War Hysteria and patriotic enthusiasm, providing an excuse for nativist groups to take their prejudices out by accusing minorities with disloyalty.
• The American Protective League conducted "Hate the Hun" campaigns using vigilante actions to attack everything German, performances of Beethoven's music, and cooking of sauerkraut.
• Under the order of the U.S Secretary of Labor, manufacturers of war materials could refuse to hire and could fire American citizens of German heritage.
• The Espionage Act (1917) allowed for the imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operation of the draft.
• The Sedition Act (1918) went further than the Espionage Act and prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the US government.
• The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in a case involving a man who had been imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft.
• Schenk v United States, 1919: Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to the public safety.
• A "Selective Service" system to conscript men into the military was established.
• Racial segregation was applied to the army just as it was in society.
• W.E.B. DuBois believed that the service of African Americans in the fight to "make the world safe for democracy," would earn them equal rights at home when the war ended.
• In World War I, women took up the jobs vacated by men who were drafted into the military.
• Thousands of Mexicans crossed the border into the U.S to work in agriculture and mining.