Applied anatomy and physiology

• Skeletal system

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• What are the functions of the skeleton?

  Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage,structural shape and points for attachment
• Support – Bones keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place
• Protection – Some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage.
• Movement – When bones meet they form joints, muscles pull on bones to provide movement.
• Structural Shape and Points for Attachment – The skeleton gives us our general shape (height and build). The skeleton also provides anchorage points for muscles to attach to.
• Mineral Storage – Bones store several minerals which can be released into the body when needed (calcium)
• Blood-cell production – the bone marrow of the long bones and ribs produce red and white blood cells
•  Flat Bones Protect Internal Organs

  Long Bones Support Weight and Facilitate Movement

  Short bones enable fine controlled movement and provide stability.

  Irregular Bones vary in shape and protect nervous tissue (the spinal chord).
• what are the five main joints in your body?

  Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle.
• • The joint at the Head and Neck is made up of the upper most Vertebrae and the Cranium.
  • This Joint allows a person to nod their head.
• • The Joint in the Chest are made up of the Vertebrae + Ribs, and ribs + sternum.
• • These Joints allow the chest cavity to change size when we breath.
• The Elbow, Ankle, Ankle are all Hinge Joints.

  The Hip and the Shoulder are Ball and Socket Joints.
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  Flexion-A decrease of the angle of the bones at a joint.

  Extension-A Increase of the angle of the bones at a joint.

  Abduction-Movement away from the midline of the body.

  Adduction-Movement towards the midline of the body.

  Circumduction-Turning or circular motion around a joint (which occurs in more than one plane)

  Rotation-Movement around an axis.

  Plantar flexion-Pointing the toes at the ankle/increasing the ankle angle.

  Dorsi flexion-Moving toes up at the ankle/decreasing the ankle angle.
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  JOINT-Place where two or more bones meet.

  SYNOVIAL JOINT-Type of joint commonly found in the limbs; contains a synovial membrane.

  SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE-Produces synovial fluid.

  CARTILAGE-Covers the end of bones providing a smooth, friction-free surface.

  SYNOVIAL FLUID-Produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint.
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  CAPSULE-Tough fibrous tissue – surrounds synovial joints; usually supported by ligaments.

  LIGAMENTS-Connective tissue that Joins bone to bone.

  DISLOCATION-When the bones of a joint separate from their normal position.

  BURSAE-Fluid-filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint.

  TENDON-Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone.
•  Structure of a synovial joint

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• Synovial joints are characterised by having a fluid-filled space between smooth Cartilage pads at the end of the bones that form the joint. Surrounding the joint is a tough Joint Capsule that is lined with a Synovial Membrane.
• The outer layer of the capsule often includes ligaments that join bones to bones and strengthen the joint to prevent unnecessary movements and possible dislocations. The synovial membrane lining the capsule produces an oily synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction and wear.
• In addition to the joint capsule and ligaments that support a synovial joint, there are several important structures surrounding the joint that help cushion and protect the joint from friction and outside forces. Small bags of synovial fluid, known as bursae, surround the joint to reduce the friction from movement of tendons across the surface of the joint.
• There are many different classes of synovial joints in the body, including hinge joints and ball and socket joints.
•  Synovial joint The knee

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• musclar

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• • Isotonic contraction: when the muscle changes length (shortens or lengthens) as it causes movement.
  • Isometric contraction: when the muscle stays the same length during contraction (no movement) – used in balances
• 2 Types of Isotonic Contraction:

  • Concentric: the muscle shortens, e.g. contraction of the biceps to produce elbow flexion.
  • Eccentric: muscle lengthens or is stretched while contracting, e.g. used to control downwards movements (lowering a dumb bell).
• Muscles only cause movement when they contract and pull on a bone at a joint. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. These are very strong cords of connective tissue that allow muscle to pull on bones causing movement.
• As one muscle contracts (causing the movement), the second muscle relaxes (allow the movement to happen). These muscle are grouped together as antagonistic pairs. This is antagonistic muscle action.
• when a muscle contracts and causes the movement, it is known as the Agonist or Prime Mover.
• When a muscle is relaxing to allow movement, it is known as the antagonist.
• ball and socket joints

  joints that allow many types of movement
• hinge joints

  joints that allow extension and flexion