MicroBio

• Prions are a type of acellular infectious agents.
• Mad cow disease is a disease in cattle.
• Creutzfelt-Jakob is a disease in humans.
• Scrapie is a disease in sheep.
• Electron microscope viewing of Prion protein particles is a method used to identify them.
• Prions are infectious proteins that contain no nucleic acid and are responsible for six neurodegenerative diseases known as spongiform encephalopathies.
• Kuru is a disease in humans.
• Microbiology is the study of living microorganisms and non-living infectious agents that are too small to be seen with the naked human eye.
• Microbiologists include several sub-disciplines such as Bacteriology, Mycology, Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, and Professional academics.
• Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch drapery merchant, made a homemade microscope and was the first to glimpse the microbial world in lake water in 1674.
• John Needham, an English microscopist, briefly boiled mutton broth infusions in a jar, sealed with a cork or cotton ball, and claimed that microorganisms appeared.
• The Golden Age led to the initiation of prevention and treatment of diseases.
• Ferdinand Cohn, a German botanist, discovered bacterial endospores that are heat-resistant in 1876.
• Microbiology was born as a science in 1674 when van Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa, bacteria, and spermatozoa.
• Most disease causing (etiological) bacteria were discovered during the Golden Age.
• Most etiological agents of bacterial diseases have been proven using Koch’s postulates.
• Francesco Redi, an Italian biologist and physician, demonstrated that worms found on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meat and not directly from the rotting meat.
• The Spontaneous Theory states that organisms can arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
• The Golden Age of Microbiology was a time of great interest in the study of microorganisms, starting after the disproof of the Theory of Spontaneous Generation.
• The term "microbes" includes both living microorganisms and acellular particles (i.e. viruses, viroids and prions) of the microbial world.
• Louis Pasteur, considered “The Father of Modern Microbiology”, performed the swan-necked flask experiment that led to the Theory of Biogenesis.
• John Tyndall, a British scientist, concluded that different infusions required different boiling times.
• Robert Koch, a German physician, was able to establish the role of endospores in disease transmission in 1877.
• Viruses, which are non-living microbes, were also studied during the Golden Age.
• Microorganisms are living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eyes, and are the foundation for all life on Earth.
• Microorganisms have existed for approximately 3.5 billion years, and modern microorganisms, plants, animals, and protozoans all evolved from a common ancestral microbe.
• Our life depends on the activities of microorganisms.
• The term "Microbiome" refers to the collection of microorganisms that live on or in a host organism.
• DNA is stored in a region called the nucleoid in prokaryotes.
• Resurgence of diseases thought to be defeated often result in diseases that are more virulent and resistant to treatment drugs.
• Examples of diseases that have resurged include Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), Measles, and Candida auris.
• Increased travel and unvaccinated individuals susceptible to infection contribute to the resurgence of diseases.
• Members of the genus Staphylococcus are often called staphylococci.
• Domain is the newest and highest level of taxonomy and microorganisms distribute in 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya.
• Bacteria contain peptidoglycan.
• Informal names that resemble genus names are not italicized.
• Each cell of bacteria is genetically identical to the first.
• Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains: Bacteria and Archaea, both of which are single-cell organisms.
• Bacteria multiply by binary fission, where each cell divides into two.
• The smallest virus is approximately 1/1,000,000th the size of the largest eukaryotic cell.