Liver pathology

• Hepatitis A

  RNA virus

  Transmission: faecal-oral

  Presentation: nausea, anorexia, fever, malaise, abdo pain, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice

  Diagnosis: IgM anti-HAV antibodies

  Does not cause chronic hepatitis
• Hepatitis D

  Dependent of hepatitis B for its life cycle
• Hepatitis E

  Single stranded RNA virus

  Transmission: faecal-oral

  High mortality among pregnant women
• Autoimmune hepatitis

  Chronic & progressive

  May be triggered by viral infections, drugs (statins, minocycline, nitrofurantoin)

  Female predominance

  Types

  • Type 1 -> positive ANA, anti-smooth muscle (SMA) and anti-soluble liver, antigen (predominantly adults)
  • Type 2 -> anti-liver, kidney microsomalantibodies (predominantly children)
• Morphological features of cirrhosis

  Bridging fibrous septa

  Parenchymal nodule formation

  Disruption of the architecture of entire liver
• Main causes of cirrhosis in developed countries

  Alcoholic liver disease

  MASLD

  Chronic viral hepatitis (Hep C)
• Histology of steatohepatitis

  Ballooned hepatocytes