module 1

• leuko means white
• encephalo means brain
• malacia means softening
• polio means grey matter
• itis means inflammation
• myel means spinal cord
• pathology is the study of causes, mechanisms, and effects of diseases, and laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes
• disease is the consequence of the failure of homeostasis
• homeostasis is the ability of an organism or a cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
• gigantism results from failure of regulating growth hormone
• acromegaly results from primary GH excess
• one medicine is the understanding that human and veterinary medicine are the same
• levels of understanding disease: epidemiology, clinical medicine, morphologic pathology, pathophysiology, cell biology, molecular biology
• etiology: the cause of disease
• pathogenesis: the process of disease
• progression: the development of disease over time
• signs and symptoms: clinical changes caused by disease
• lesions: abnormal structural changes caused by disease
• severity: degree of disease
• prognosis: prediction of disease diagnosis
• proximate cause: event which is closest to or immediately responsible for causing disease
• ultimate cause: original event which set in motion events resulting in disease
• thromboemboli: clots floating free in the blood that lodge in vessels, blocking blood flow to tissues downstream
• pathogenesis importance: determination of etiology, identifying interventions to prevent/treat disease, and provide insight to understand normal biology
• disease processes (DAMN IT V): D - degenerative, A - anomaly, M - metabolic, N - neoplastic and nutritional, I - inflammatory, infectious, immune, T - trauma and toxicity, V - vascular
• sign: objective evidence for disease, measurable and recognized by others
• symptoms: subjective evidence for disease, individual perception, recognized by patient
• syndrome: certain constellation of associated signs and symptoms that run around together, may indicate certain disease or not
• diagnosis: determining the nature and cause of a disease or injury through evaluation of patient history, examination and review of laboratory data, the opinion derived from such an evaluation
• types of diagnosis: clinical, laboratory, etiological, and morphological
• clinical diagnosis: made primarily on the basis of medical signs and patient reported symptoms, opinion based on data
• laboratory diagnosis: results of a laboratory test provide a specific diagnosis
• etiological diagnosis: cause of the lesion or disease
• morphological diagnosis: duration, degree, distribution, lesions, tissue or organ affected
• severity: mild, moderate, severe
• duration: peracute, acute, subacute, chronic
• distribution: focal, multifocal, locally extensive, diffuse
• peracute: very severe and very sudden onset
• acute: severe and sudden onset
• subacute: less acute but not chronic