Police, Law and Control

• Pyotr Shuvalov was appointed head of the Third Section.He strengthened the police ecouraged the Third Section and stepped up the persecution of other ethnic and religious minorities.
• Konstantin Pahlen was appointed as Minister of Justice. He ensured that the judicial system made an example of those accused of political agitation.
• Searches and arrests increased New governor-generals were established in 1879 with emergency powers to prosecute in militatary courts and exile political offenders.
• Pahlen held open 'show trials' with the intention of deterring others from revolutionary activity but the whole experiment backfired and in 1878 political crimes were transferred from the civil courts to special secret courts.