APUSH p5 end ( 1861-1865

• • Marcus M Spiegel , a German, born Jewish man who immigrated to Ohio, 1849
  • Spiegel was a part of the small one percent of Jews in the US, but he greatly supported American patriotism, and fought in the Civil War
  • Spiegel identified as a Democrat and supported slavery, but similar to many soldiers, his views changed after seeing the souths horrifying slavery system in real time when he fought in the lower south
• • The American Civil War is referred to as America’s first modern war, because it was the first war with the deadly tools of the industrial revolution were put to use
  • The use of these new weapons resulted in many casualties
• • The battle that was meant to be the union versus the Confederates was becoming northern Society versus Southern Society, as it was difficult to distinguish citizens from opposing troops
• UNION‘S ADVANTAGES

  • The North population by 1860 was 22 million while the south was 9 million with 3.5 million being slaves
  • The North had better manufacturing, railroad, mileage, and finances
• CONFEDERACY ADVANTAGES

  • highly motivated soldiers
  • Had territory larger than western Europe, which was difficult for the union to invade
• • for both the soldiers and their officers, the transformation of war from new technology was unprecedented
  • ex. Railroads were being used to transport soldiers and weapons. The first railroad junctions were in Atlanta and Petersburg
  • ex. The telegraph created by Samuel Morse Was a key communication tool during the war
• • The most important technologies was the rifle and upgrade from the only short range musket
  • The rifles, long distance, accuracy gave the defensive side and advantage over the attacking side the south was usually on the defensive
• The water battle between the Unions Monitor and the Confederacy’s Merrimack proved that ironclad was better than wooden ships
• • America’s primitive medication Had yet to catch up to the wars, death rate from rifle’s, Measles, malaria, and typhus that were teaming in army camps
  • The Civil War was the first war where the enemy captured large amounts of Americans
  • War around the world was becoming more destructive ex. The Taiping rebellion (1850-1860) in China with 23 million deaths but the high bloodshed rate was new to the US
• • their was propaganda spread through the lithographs, souvenirs and music sheets to mold public opinion
  • The propaganda being spread in the north tarnished the Democrats reputation and reaffirmed northern values
  • The developing are a photography, bro, brutal scenes from the war to the doorstep of Americans(starting in 1862)
  • The war was greatly sensationalized with correspondence, who accompanied armies and published casualty lists to the public the following day
• • The war left both sides, unprepared, because no national bank system, no tax system were present to fund the war
  • Another difficulty of the war was gaining supplies for soldiers, but the Union was much better supplied than the Confederacy
  • On the where is third year, the confederacy was suffering from a great sage, resolved by ordnance bureau Josiah Gorgas who imported weapons and ammo
• • Robert E. Lee was a confederacy skilled tactician that had the confederacy play defensively with sporadic movement towards the north
  • Lincoln‘s first general, found it difficult to use their size and technology to their advantage
• Lincoln realized that just capturing the south capital would not win the war, but directly attacking the soul of the south sell, which was a slavery institution and defeating, southern armies
• The wars first significant engagement was the first battle of Bull Run in northern Virginia, 1861 it ended in the chaotic retreat of the Union and sightseer politicians
• George B McClellan assume the Potomac( Union’s central force) after bull run (as he had recently won an engagement with the confederate troops in Virginia)McClellan shape the union into superb shape but being a Democrat he hoped the war would end in compromise and he tended to over estimate the enemy‘s size so he was reluctant to commit the Potomac to battle
• McClellan's hesistancy to engage the Potomac in war did not cease until the Spring of 1862 because of the media

  • Public clamor and the impatience of both Congress and Lincoln pushed McClellan to put the Potomac in war
• Geore B. McClellan led his 100,000 troops to confront Robert E. Lee's small army in Virgnia

  • Lee blunted all of McClellan's attacks through the Seven Days Campaign resulting in the Union loss of the First Battle of Bull Run
• Robert E. Lee was offered a spot in the Union but denied this offer because o his loyalty to Virginia
• After suceeding defensivley in he first and second battle's of bull run Lee attacked Maryland with the intentions of making Britain and France see Southern Independence and bring border states to Confederacy and seize D.C

  • Battle of Antietem September 17th 1862
• The North had accomplished little in the East

  • Thanks to Ulysses S. Grant, there was much success in the West
  • Grant was an Illinois shopkeeper turned commisioner
  • On Februrary 1862 Grant captured forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee
  • Grant withstood the suprise attack at Shiloh Tennessee
• Between the abolishment of slavery in Britain (1831), Brazil (1888), and the U.S. in 1865 there were 6 million slaces freed and 4 million of those were from the U.S. (2/3 of that numer loed in the South
• • Lincoln later in the war began to appeal to the North's free labour ideas,but initially his main concern was keeping the border states in the Union
• The Crittenden Resolution suggested by Kentucky senator John J. Critterden in 1860

  • the Compromise that would extend the Missouri Compromise all the way to the pacific ocean it recived unamious votes in congress
  • the South rejected this as too little to late
  • Lincoln rejected it because of the clause that would continue slavery in any new lands America gained and Lincoln was strictly against the expansion of slavery
• As the Confederacy put slaves to work as military laborers they would escape to Union lines the Union military had adopted Benjamin F. Butlers idea of treating escaped slaves as contrabands of war

  • "the contrabands" would be placed in contraband camps and would also be sent to contraband schools
• Unlike fugitive slaves before the war not just men were fleeing from plantations but entire families

  • escapees to Union lines were excellent informants of Confederate movement
• • anti-slavery northeners argued that since slavery was the crux of the Southern economy emancipation was neccesary tp weaken the South and sustain the war
  • Radical Republicans insisted that abolishing slavery should've been a set goal in the war
• Support for emancipation grew increasingly in Congress because of Union's military success declining

  • In the March of 1862 Congress banned the returning of fugitive slaves
  • Then Congress instituted the Second Confiscation Act that emancipated all slaves in Union territory
• • Lincoln was swift to stop John C. Fremont's attempt of freeing Missouri slaves because he wanted to avoid conflict with the border states
  • Lincoln suggested border states embark on a journey of gradual emanciption
  • On the August of 1862 Lincoln revived the ideas the of colonizaion society whist in with a delegation of black leaders in the White House and in December 1862 Lincoln signed to hsvr freed slaves sent to Haiti
• Factors that influenced the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation were hopes that...

  • emancipated slaves would contribute to the North's man power
  • emancipation would contract Britain recognizig the Southern Independence
• After Union victory at Antitem the Emancipation Proclamation was signed

  • The proclamation was signed AFTER the victory in Antitem because Lincoln didn't want it to appear as a desperate attempt against the Confederacy
• The Emancipation Proclamation warned that if the South didn't cease fighting by the end of 1862 slavery would've been abolished

  • There was great political backlash to the signing of the proclamation as the Democratic campaign in response to the proclamation was that the North would become Africanized
  • Legislative control was lost over Indiana and Illinois
• The Emancipation Proclamation only applied to areas under Confederate control, not those already occupied by Union forces or slave states loyal to the Union
• The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, West Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana which had remained loyal to the Union
• Of the Emancipations Proclamations decrees non had been as radical the allowance of slaves to join the Union Army

  • By the end of the war 180,000 lacks served as union (1/3 died) members earned and 15 earned the metal of honor
• The 54th regiment was a troop of blacks headed by Robert Gould Shaw

  • should great bravery in the July 1863 attack on Fort Wagner South Carolina half of the regiment, including Shaw passed but proved African-Americans could fight
• • most African-Americans who joined union forces joined in 1863 after the plantation lands of Mississippi were seized by the Union
  • another large group came from border states were enlistment the union gained slaves, freedom, as well as their families (this undermined slavery in the border states)
• • for black soldiers fighting in the Civil War was a liberating experience to open the door to political advancements
• The union Navy treated African-Americans, partly due to the conditions of work, and the fact that blacks could work as sailors before the proclamation equal to whites but the army did not

  • Army units had segregation usually with blacks serving under abusive white officers, received lower pay, they were signed to labor jobs instead of combat
• being a soldier in the union was dangerous because if blacks were captured by the confederacy they could be sold back into slavery

  • When the 1864 over running a pillow under Nathan B Forest occurred almost 300 African-Americans were killed
• Blacks serving in the war served to prove to Republicans that laws should not account race