Exam #1

• The hydroxide ion (OH-) has a charge of -1 and consists of one oxygen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom.
• Chemistry is the study of matter
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume
• Atom is the building blocks of matter
• An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by a chemical change.It is composed of atoms with the same identity
• A Pure Substance can not be broken down furthure by any physical or chemical change
• A mixture is more than one pure substance
• A solid has a fixed volume and shape
• Liquid: defined volume, takes shape of the container
• Gas: has no Shape or Volume: Takes the shape of the container
• Melting/Fusion results in Solid to Liquid states
• Solidification/Freezing results in Liquid to Solids states
• Boiling/Evaporation results in Liquid to Gas states
• Condensation results in Gas to Liquid
• Atom: Fudmintal Unit of an element "uncuttable"
• Element: Material made of one type of Atom
• An atom has two parts

  Nucleus: Inside

  Electron Cloud: outside
• Nucleus: accounts for the weight
• Electron Cloud: Accounts for the Volume
• Protons: Accounts for positive charge

  Determines the type of element
• Neutrons: Has no charge

  Determines the isotope
• Electron: negativly charged

  determines the ions
• Atomic Mass: the weight of average of isotopes (Protons and Neutrons)
• Ions: an atom or group of atoms that have a charge
• the electrical charge of an ion = #protons - #electrons
• A postive electrical charge: Cation
• A Negatively charged ion: Anion
• Radioactive elements are Radioactive because of the large Nucleus with less Strength
• Radioactive elements can emit: Alpha particles (Helium, +2 charge)

  beta Particles (-1charge)

  gamma (0 charge - just energy)
• Nuclear Fission: Results in gamma radiation and kinetic energy
• Nuclear fusion is when two nuclei combine to form one larger nucleus.
• Compound: Two pure substances formed by chemical change
• Carbonate: CO3 2-
• Nitrate: NO3-
• hydroxide: OH -
• Phosphate: PO4 3-
• Sulfate: SO4 2-