Week 1-2

• What are the primary interactions of this course?

  Tissue
• Why is cholesterol important?

  It is essential for membrane function in animal cells.
• When a cell needs to slow its cholesterol how does it do it at the molecular level?

  Sped up degradation rate of the protein HMGR
• What causes cancer?

  A single cell with mutations stop following rules.
• What are the 3 domains we categorize organelles?

  Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• What did Hooke discover?

  Cells
• What did Leeuwenhoek develop?

  superior microscope
• What did Schleiden and Schwann develop?

  Cell Theory
• What is the cell theory?

  All living things are compromised of cells and cells must come from pre-existing cells.
• What do ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea do?

  Moves pathogens out quickly
• What are epithelial cells?

  Any cell exposed to the outside.
• What is the first similarity shared at the molecular/cellular level of all organisms?


  All have a selectively permeable membrane.
• What is the 2nd similarity shared at the molecular/cellular level of all organisms?

  Use DNA as hereditary material.
• What is the 3rd similarity shared at the molecular/cellular level of all organisms?

  All follow the DNA to RNA rule
• What is the 4rth similarity shared at the molecular/cellular level of all organisms?

  All use the same translation code to synthesize proteins.
• What is the 5th similarity shared at the molecular/cellular level of all organisms?


  Reproduction
• What is a gene?

  Stretches of DNA found in DNA molecules called chromosomes. That serves as a template for RNA production which serves as a template for protein production.
• What makes up the human genome?

  A collection of different genes and non-coding DNA between. -24000
• What is the first way we can study a cell and can you describe it?

  Reductionism
• How is science done for most projects?

  Hypothesis / deduction
• What is the second way we can do research?

  Discovery Science
• What are erythrocytes?


  Red Blood Cells
• What do malaria cells have that make them bad?

  Plasmodium that live in mosquito saliva.
• What do protons(+) determine?

  Atomic number and mass.
• What is the approx. mass of a proton?

  1 Dalton
• What is the approx mass of a neutron?

  1 Dalton
• If you have 10 protons, how many electrons do you have?

  10
• What properties distinguish specific elements from each other?

  Number of protons, and the # of electrons in each outermost shell(valence e-)
• How many electrons does the 1st shell of an atom hold?

  2
• How many electrons does the 2nd electron shell hold up?

  8
• How does a covalent bond occur?

  Sharing of electrons between two atoms
• How many bonds does carbon like to form?

  4
• Are covalent bonds strong and do they dissociate in water?

  Yes, covalent bonds are strong. Some covalent compounds can dissociate in water, while others do not.
• What are covalent bonds usually broken down by?

  enzyme-catalyzed reaction
• What are the main biological molecules that are composed mainly of covalent bonds?

  Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids(DNA,RNA).
• Why do we care about electrons and their placement?

  Because the closer the e- the less potential energy, but the farther the more energy we get, so we can use this energy for different things like photosynthesis?
• What are the two major energy-generating processes in cells that require e- to be elevated to a higher shell and drop back?

  Photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration.
• What is another reason we care about electron placement?

  Electrons have a key role in the structure of molecules.
• Why do biologists want to understand how atoms interact with each other?

  The 3D shape of a molecule is determined by how atoms interact with each other.
• What dictates the biological function of a molecule?

  it's 3D shape