Geography wa1

• A city is a defined urban area within a country
• what are cities features

  Large population size

  high population density

  built up area

  range of functions
• Cities have a large population size
• What is high population density

  The measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land
• what’s is the formula of population density

  Population density= number of people living in the area/ land area
• Rural areas have a lower population size and density compared to cities
• rural areas have fewer functions and they are less built up
• Some people living in cities may have originally come from another location in their country before settling down. These people are referred to as migrants.
• In many countries it is common for people to move from rural areas to urban areas such as towns or cities. This is called rural-urban migration.
• What are push factors?

  Reasons why migrants want to leave their place of origin
• What are pull factors?

  reasons that attract migrants towards a certain destinations (etc cities)
• What is an example of how rural areas provide for cities?

  Rural areas provide cities with provison of good and services
• Cities rely on rural areas for much of their food supply since they have limited space for agriculture activities
• Rural farmers can rear animals and grow crops for their own needs or sell them at markets in the cities. Then they exchange these food products for money which becomes their source of income.
• How do rural areas benefit from cities?

  they benefit from amenities available in cities. (Example they can travel to a hospital in a city to get expert medical help and advanced treatment which might not be available in where they live)

  they can also buy certain food that are only available from malls in the city
• pull factors - better job opportunities, higher wages, access to better healthcare, better schools, more entertainment options, better housing conditions, better transport systems
• push factors - lack of employment opportunities, low wages, poor health care facilities, poor education system, high crime rates, poor living conditions, poor transport systems
• What are opportunities are there for people in cities

  • Education
  • employment
• How are education and employment linked?


  Education lets people gain useful knowledge and skills that they can apply when they gain employment where they are paid to work so people receive wages for their work so that they can purchase food and other necessities to improve their well being
• People want to learn in cities as cities are a centre of learning. As there are adults who wish to pursue lifelong learning making cities home to a variety of educational institutions including universities that cater to different interests
• What are opportunities (pull factors) when living in cities

  Eduation

  employment

  Technological innovation
• Cities are also known for their technological innovation which is the use of scientific knowledge to create new products or services. This is because there are many skilled people living in cities such as researchers, designers and entrepreneurs. There is also funding from government and investors for these people to experiment with new ideas
• Examples of technological innovation

  Shading

  Transport

  vegetation

  Building facade

  Water bodies and features
• Shading-sheltered bus stops and covered walkways installed to provide shade and shield from rain
• Transport - use of public transport, cycling and walking help to reduce heat production from the transport sector
• Building facade - light-coloured surfaces on buildings help reflect sunlight to reduce heat absorption
• Water bodies and features - ponds and pools in the design of urban spaces help to prevent overheating
• What challenges do people face in cities

  Increased environmental pollution

  Water pollution

  Air pollution
• Increased environmental pollution(cause)- cities are major polluters of air and water. Large amount of fossil fuels are being consumed in the cities everyday due to the high concentration of people , businesses and transport networks.
• Water pollution (cause)- water is essential for human life. water supplies in cities are often affected by improper management of household and industrial waste due to the inadequate or broken sewage systems.
• Air pollution(cause)- the cause is that cities include the use of coal to generate electricity, high volume of vehicular traffics and emissions from factories.
• Air pollution(effects)- prolonged exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory infection, lung cancer and heart diseases and even death. which make poor health lead to increased demand for healthcare services.
• water pollution(effects)- when waste is disposed directly or leaked into waterways, water quality is ultimately reduced. Pollution threatens human health and aquatic life.
• Increased environmental pollution (effects)- this is the leading cause of environmental pollution, whereby contaminants are produced and released into the physical environment. This eventually harms human health.