CHAPTER 1

• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  1. Two types of plant tissues:
  2. Meristematic tissue
  3. Permanent tissue

  
• 1.1[Organization of Plant Tissues]

  • Permanent tissue are tissues that are completely grown and have lost the ability of division.
  • Permanent tissue:

  1. Epidermal tissue.
  2. Ground tissue.
  3. Vascular tissue.
• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  1. Permanent tissues:
  2. Epidermal Tissue
  3. The outermost surface of stems, leaves and roots of young plants
  4. Epidermal cell wall has waxy and waterproof layer called cuticle.
  5. The cuticles help to:
  6. reduce loss of water through evaporation
  7. protect the leaf from mechanical injuries or pathogens.
  8. Modified epidermal cells according to their function:
  9. Guard cells: control opening of stoma.
  10. Root hair cells: increase surface area for mineral and water absorptions.
• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  1. Ground tissues fills the space between epidermal tissue and the vascular tissue.
  2. Ground tissues:
  3. Parenchyma tissues
  4. Collenchyma tissues
  5. Sclerenchyma tissues
• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  • Permanent tissue: Ground tissue

  1. Parenchyma tissue
  2. Consist of simplest living cell and do not undergo differentiation.
  3. Have thinnest cell wall.
  4. Parenchyma tissues always in turgid state providing support and maintaining the shape of herbaceous plants.
  5. Involve in:
  6. Photosynthesis
  7. Storing of starch and sugar
  8. gaseous exchange
  9. repair and regeneration of the plant.
• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  • Permanent tissue: Ground tissue

  1. Collenchyma tissues:
  2. Cell walls are made up of pectin and hemicellulose.
  3. Cell wall is thicker than parenchyma tissues.
  4. Provide mechanical support and elasticity.
• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  • Permanent tissue: Ground tissue

  1. Sclerenchyma tissues:
  2. Have the thickest cell wall among all ground tissues.
  3. Provide support and mechanical strength to the plant.
  4. Help in the transport of water and nutrients.
• 1.1 [Organization of Plant Tissues]

  • Permanent tissue: Ground tissue

  1. Vascular tissues:
  2. Xylem
  3. made up of dead cells without cytoplasm.
  4. cell walls are covered in lignin.
  5. consist of xylem vessel and tracheid
  6. xylem vessels are elongated, hollow and connected to each other.
  7. Xylem helps to transport minerals and water.
  8. Phloem
  9. consists of sieve tube and companion cell
  10. Sieve tube transport sugar produced from photosynthesis from the leaves to storage organs such as fruits, roots and tubers.
  11. Companion cells provide energy and nutrients to sieve tube.
• 1.2 [Meristematic Tissues and Growth]

  • Meristematic Tissue: divide and differentiate to form Permanent Tissue.
  • Meristematic Tissue:
  • Apical Meristematic Tissue (tips of plant shoots and roots)
  • Lateral Meristematic Tissue (Vascular cambium and cork cambium)
• 1.2 [Meristematic Tissues and Growth]

  1. Zone of growth
  2. Zone of cell division
  3. Zone of cell elongation
  4. Zone of cell differentiation
• 1.2 [Meristematic Tissues and Growth]

  1. Zone of growth
  2. Zone of cell differentiation
  3. Takes place at the apical meristems.
  4. Cell divides continuously through mitosis.
  5. Increase in the number of the cells causes the elongation of the plant stem.
  6. New plant cells are being produced; the previously produced cells are pushed to the elongation zone.