unit 9

• motivation: the need / desire that energizes & directs behavior
• instinct: unlearnt behavior that is rigidly patented through species reactions
• drive-reduction theory: physiological need creates aroused tension state (drive) that motivates organism to satisfy it
• homeostasis: steady internal state
• incentives: something that motivates behavior
• optimal arousal theory: some motivated behaviors increase arousal
• yerkes-dodson law: theory that performance increases with arousal only to a point
• maslow's hierarchy of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, love / belonging, esteem & self actualization
• glucose: sugar source that provides energy
• hypothalamus: part of brain that integrates glucose messages and hunger pains
• insulin, ghrelin, leptin & orexin: hormones involved in hunger
• set point: hypothalamus wants to maintain ideal body weight
• basal metabolic rate: resting rate of energy expenditure
• affiliation need: need to feel connected & identified with others
• emotions: response of the organism, physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience
• james-lange theory: experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to stimuli
• cannon-bard theory: stimulating events trigger feelings & physical reactions at the same time
• schatcher's two-factor theory: being both aroused + cognitively able to label emotion to experience it
• spillover effect: arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it
• automatic nervous system: part of nervous system that triggers many of the physical responses we have when we experience an emotion
• facial-feedback effect: tendency of facial muscle state to trigger corresponding feelings
• distress: negative event
• eustress: positive stress that pushes people to achieve
• emotion-focused coping: person controls / replaces negative emotional responses to stressors (ex. "this is upsetting but i'll stay calm")
• problem-focused coping: fixing the distressing situation
• appraisal-focused coping: attempting to reframe stressor and viewing it differently
• selye's general adaptation syndrome: alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
• instinct theory: motivated by inborn automated behaviours
• drive reduction theory: behavior is motivated by biological needs to reach homeostasis
• incentive theory: incentives lure / repel from behaviors
• arousal theory: motivated to see optimum level of arousal / excitement
• intrinsic motivators: rewards we get internally
• extrinsic motivators: rewards we get for accomplishments outside ourselves
• overjustification effect: intrinsic motivation is killed by rewards
• industrial / organizational psychology: application of psychological concepts for purpose of optimizing human behavior in workplace