Clinical Interview : Goldstein (1988)

• What was the aim of Goldstein's 1988 study?

  To investigate gender differences in schizophrenia
• What social factors did Goldstein consider in her study?

  Impact of social factors on schizophrenia course
• How many schizophrenia patients were included in Goldstein's study?

  199 patients
• What was the age range of participants in Goldstein's study?

  18-45 years old
• What was a key exclusion criterion for participants in Goldstein's study?

  No other mental health issues
• When was the data for Goldstein's study collected?

  Mid 1970s
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the sample used in Goldstein's study?

  Strengths:

  • Generalizable due to inclusion of both genders
  • Wide age range enhances applicability

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • No participants over 45 years old
  • May not represent women with late-onset schizophrenia
• How many men and women were selected in Goldstein's study?

  58 men and 32 women
• What technique was used for re-diagnosis in Goldstein's study?

  Single blind technique
• Who participated in the re-diagnosis process in Goldstein's study?

  A psychiatrist and two other experts
• What types of symptoms were assessed in Goldstein's study?

  Hallucinations, paranoia, withdrawal, anxiety, depression
• What information was gathered about premorbid functioning?

  Isolation, peer relationships, marital status
• How was the course of illness classified in Goldstein's study?

  By number of hospitalizations and duration of stay
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the procedure used in Goldstein's study?

  Strengths:

  • Collected both primary and secondary data
  • Used trained interviewers for symptom assessment

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Qualitative data may introduce interviewer bias
  • Subjective interpretations lower validity
• How many participants were re-diagnosed with schizophrenia?

  169 participants
• What was the average number of hospitalizations for males over 10 years?

  $2.24$
• What was the average number of days in hospital for females?

  $207$
• What percentage of rehospitalizations was due to premorbid functioning?

  13%
• What percentage of rehospitalizations was due to social functioning?

  4.3%
• What was the gender effect on length of stay due to social functioning?

  11.3%
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the results from Goldstein's study?

  Strengths:

  • High inter-rater reliability (0.8 agreement)
  • Ethically sound with informed consent

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Interviewer bias may affect qualitative data
  • Cause and effect relationship not established
• What conclusion did Goldstein reach regarding women's experience with schizophrenia?

  Women have a less severe experience
• What implications did Goldstein's findings have for treatment?

  Different treatments for different genders
• How many more days in hospital did men spend compared to women?

  $211$
• What factors did Goldstein identify as important in the development of schizophrenia?

  Premorbid and social functioning