Individual Differences in Mental Health Disorders

• What does culture refer to in the context of mental health?

  A set of beliefs and practices
• How can culture affect the diagnosis of mental disorders?

  Symptoms may be interpreted differently across cultures
• In Western cultures, how are visual or auditory hallucinations typically viewed?

  As a symptom of schizophrenia
• What did Lurhman find regarding hearing voices in Ghana?

  It is seen as a spiritual sign
• What does Lurhman's finding suggest about cultural differences and mental health diagnoses?

  Cultural differences impact mental health diagnoses
• What did Lee's research suggest about the DSM's validity in non-Western cultures?

  It is valid for diagnosing ADHD
• How does prejudice affect mental health diagnoses?

  It can lead to biased diagnoses based on culture
• What might happen if psychiatrists have Westernized views of psychosis?

  They may misdiagnose individuals with schizophrenia
• What did Banyard's findings reveal about psychiatric ward demographics?

  Minority groups receive more diagnoses
• What did Hindler's research indicate about genetic factors in mental health?

  Depression has a genetic concordance rate of 76%
• What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins?

  58%
• What is a culture-bound syndrome?

  A disorder recognized only in one culture
• What do individuals in Latin America believe about Susto?

  It indicates their soul has left their body
• What did Fernando's research reveal about hospitalization rates among black patients?

  They are three times more likely to be hospitalized
• What did Pinto's findings suggest about African American men and mental illness?

  They are more likely to be institutionalized
• What do the DSM and ICD aim to enhance?

  Cultural sensitivity in mental health diagnoses
• How does the DSM address cultural factors in mental health?

  It discusses cultural factors for every disorder
• What is the significance of the reformation of section III of the DSM?

  It includes all cultures in mental health classification
• What did Flaum et al. suggest regarding the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  Focus on negative symptoms for objective assessment