Lesson 1: Organic Molecules

Cards (21)

  • Organic molecules contain carbon, except for oxides of carbon, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and thiocyanates
  • Natural organic compounds include fossil fuels, food, wood, paper products, fabrics
  • Properties of carbon:
    • Has a bonding capacity of 4
    • Can form single, double, or triple bonds
    • When bonded together, can form shapes like chains, rings, spheres, sheets, tubes
  • Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives
  • Types of organic molecules:
    • Hydrocarbons
    • Amides
    • Aromatics
    • Aliphatics
    • Ethers
    • Aldehydes
    • Alkenes
    • Alkynes
    • Alkanes
    • Alkyl Halides
    • Organic Acids
    • Ketones
    • Amines
    • Esters
  • Aliphatics can be saturated (contain only single bonds) or unsaturated (contain at least one double or triple C-C bond)
    • Types of aliphatics include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
    • For cyclic aliphatics, the prefix cyclo- is used
  • Forms of aliphatics:
    1. Straight chain
    2. Branched chain
    3. Cyclic hydrocarbons
  • Ways to represent organic compounds:
    • Empirical molecular formula
    • Expanded molecular formula
    • Structural formula
    • Condensed structural formula
    • Line structural formula
  • Prefixes for naming organic compounds:
    • meth- (1 carbon)
    • eth- (2 carbons)
    • prop- (3 carbons)
    • but- (4 carbons)
    • pent- (5 carbons)
    • hex- (6 carbons)
    • hept- (7 carbons)
    • oct- (8 carbons)
    • non- (9 carbons)
    • dec- (10 carbons)
  • Physical properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes:
    • Boiling and melting points increase with the number of carbons (C10H22 has a higher boiling point than CH4 due to more surface area)
    • Only contain London dispersion forces (nonpolar)
    • Physical state at room temperature depends on the size of the molecule
    • 1-4 carbons = gas
    • 5-16 carbons = liquid
    • 17+ carbons = solid
  • Rules for naming alkanes:
    1. Determine the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
    2. List alkyl groups attached to the main chain alphabetically
    3. Use di-, tri-, tetra- for multiple alkyl groups
    4. Assign numbers to alkyl groups to indicate position
    5. Place a dash between numbers and letters, commas between numbers
  • polyatomic ions and ionic compounds are not organic
  • cotton is a natural organic molecule
  • polyester is a type of fabric that is a synthetic organic molecule
  • carbon is the most commonly used atom since it can naturally bond to 4 atoms (maximum bond capacity) and can form any type of bond (single, double, triple)
  • due to carbon being able to bond in many different ways, it is versatile
  • substituents always end in -yl when naming organic compounds
  • Synthetic organic compounds are plastics, soaps, perfumes, cosmetics, fertilizers, pesticides, and fabrics
  • Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen, but hydrocarbon derivatives include carbon, hydrogen, and also oxygen
  • Pencil lead and diamond are made of the same element, but due to different bonds and structures, they look completely different
  • Pencil lead is carbon bonds forming a sheet, while diamond is carbon bonds forming a tetrahedron structure