Organic molecules contain carbon, except for oxides of carbon, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and thiocyanates
Natural organic compounds include fossil fuels, food, wood, paper products, fabrics
Properties of carbon:
Has a bonding capacity of 4
Can form single, double, or triple bonds
When bonded together, can form shapes like chains, rings, spheres, sheets, tubes
Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives
Types of organic molecules:
Hydrocarbons
Amides
Aromatics
Aliphatics
Ethers
Aldehydes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alkanes
Alkyl Halides
Organic Acids
Ketones
Amines
Esters
Aliphatics can be saturated (contain only single bonds) or unsaturated (contain at least one double or triple C-C bond)
Types of aliphatics include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
For cyclic aliphatics, the prefix cyclo- is used
Forms of aliphatics:
1. Straight chain
2. Branched chain
3. Cyclic hydrocarbons
Ways to represent organic compounds:
Empirical molecular formula
Expanded molecular formula
Structural formula
Condensed structural formula
Line structural formula
Prefixes for naming organic compounds:
meth- (1 carbon)
eth- (2 carbons)
prop- (3 carbons)
but- (4 carbons)
pent- (5 carbons)
hex- (6 carbons)
hept- (7 carbons)
oct- (8 carbons)
non- (9 carbons)
dec- (10 carbons)
Physical properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes:
Boiling and melting points increase with the number of carbons (C10H22 has a higher boiling point than CH4 due to more surface area)
Only contain London dispersion forces (nonpolar)
Physical state at room temperature depends on the size of the molecule
1-4 carbons = gas
5-16 carbons = liquid
17+ carbons = solid
Rules for naming alkanes:
1. Determine the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
2. List alkyl groups attached to the main chain alphabetically
3. Use di-, tri-, tetra- for multiple alkyl groups
4. Assign numbers to alkyl groups to indicate position
5. Place a dash between numbers and letters, commas between numbers
polyatomic ions and ionic compounds are not organic
cotton is a natural organic molecule
polyester is a type of fabric that is a syntheticorganic molecule
carbon is the most commonly used atom since it can naturally bond to 4 atoms (maximum bond capacity) and can form any type of bond (single, double, triple)
due to carbon being able to bond in many different ways, it is versatile
substituents always end in -yl when naming organic compounds
Synthetic organic compounds are plastics, soaps, perfumes, cosmetics, fertilizers, pesticides, and fabrics
Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen, but hydrocarbon derivatives include carbon, hydrogen, and also oxygen
Pencil lead and diamond are made of the same element, but due to different bonds and structures, they look completely different
Pencil lead is carbon bonds forming a sheet, while diamond is carbon bonds forming a tetrahedron structure