Synthesis

• genetic plasticity


  same genetic material but different outcome
• differences in gene expression can be caused by the environment
• multi-level evolution


  selection base off of phenotype
• epigenetics


  changing the expression of genes that can lead to gene silencing pr expression
• epigenetics can be passed to next generation
• morphology is tracked in the fossil record
• embryonic development key to developing morphology
• cell differentiation from a stem cell
• morphogenesis


   biological process that causes a tissue or organ to develop its shape by controlling the spatial distribution of cells during embryonic development
• gastrulation


  early developmental process which an embryo transforms from one-dimensional layer of epithelium to multidimensional and multilayered
• temperature-dependant sex selection


  temperature has influence over sex in reptilian eggs
• teratology


  the study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations
• meristic abnormality


  deviation from the number of body partss
• homeotic abnormality


  replacement of one body part for another
• homeotic genes


  genes that can be mutated they can change one structure into another
• majority of homeotic genes found in fruite flies
• axial elongation


  elongation by changing the size of segments or changing the number of segments
• somites in the embryo form the segments
• chondrodysplatic


  dogs having little legs that is controlled by FGF
• sonic hedgehog gene


  controls the width of that face