Cells

• The nuclear membrane contains a double plasma membrane.
• The nuclear membrane also contains nuclear pores that can be used for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and control what go in and out of the cell.
• The chromatin is contained in the nucleoplasm (a semi fluid matrix).
• The nucleolus exits the nucleus to help with protein synthesis.
• The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is attached to the nucleus.
• The ER has a network of tubules and flat sacks called the cisterna.
• There is a smooth ER (SER) and a rough ER (RER).
• The RER has many ribosomes and a large surface area for protein synthesis.
• The RER is ’rough’ because it has ribosomes.
• The RER has pathways to transport proteins.
• The SER doesn’t have ribosomes.
• The SER’s function is to synthesize, process, store and transport lipids and carbs.
• The Golgi apparatus is a group of membrane bound, fluid-filled, flattened sacs.
• The Gogli apparatus has a series of cisternae and vestibules formed from the ER.
• The Golgi apparatus produces enzymes and lysosomes, labels molecules and stores lipids and transports them.
• The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and ATP.
• The mirtrocondria is rod shaped with a double membrane and high amount of cisternae.
• The cisternae have a high amount of metabolic activity in the mirtrocondria.
• The chloroplast is disc shaped.
• The chloroplast has a membrane with a large surface area for attachment of chlorophyll and enzymes.
• The chloroplast has a fluid of stoma, DNA and ribosomes.
• Chloroplasts have a chloroplast envelope.
• The granum is a stack of thylakoids.
• Thylakoids contain chlorophyll and ATP is made here.
• Lamellas are tubes that connect everything in the chloroplast.
• The cell wall in plants is made of cellulose.
• The cell wall in Algae is made of glucose or glycoproteins.
• The cell wall in Fungi is made of chitin, glycan and glycoprotein.
• Vacuoles are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells and contain the cell sap.
• The vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called loneplast.
• The vacuole helps the plant isolate unwanted waste/chemicals.
• Lysosomes hydrolyze material ingested by phagocytes and releases enzymes.
• Lysosomes digest worn out organelle.
• Ribosomes are made of rRNA.
• Ribosomes consist of small cytoplasmic protein bound RNA.
• There are two types of Ribosomes: 80s Ribosomes, and 70s Ribosomes.
• 80s Ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells.
• 70s Ribosomes are in prokaryotic cells and have a mirtrocondria and chloroplast.
• The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and other proteins. It is also selectively permeable.
• Centrioles are hollow fibers that from center ones when the two are put together.