Psychology Over Time

• How has psychology developed over time?

  In research interest and methodology
• What were the past treatments in biological psychology for offenders?

  • Invasive and unethical treatments
  • Examples: lobotomies and chemical castrations
  • Rosemary Kennedy experienced seizures and mood swings
• What modern treatments are used in biological psychology for offenders?

  Hormone treatments and anger management
• What is the strength of using medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for offenders?

  0% relapse rate compared to 58.8% without it
• What is a weakness of using anti-androgens like MPA?

  Can cause osteoporosis, weight gain, and depression
• What fatal side effects can antipsychotic drugs cause?

  Agranulocytosis and tardive dyskinesia
• How have research methods in biological psychology changed over time?

  • Past: Phrenology used to map skull bumps
  • Lacked validity due to subjectivity
  • Change: Brain imaging techniques like CAT and PET scans
• What do CAT scans use to create images?

  X-rays to create cross-sectional images
• What do PET scans measure?

  Brain activity in terms of glucose metabolism
• How does fMRI detect brain activity?

  By measuring blood flow and oxygen levels
• What is a strength of using brain imaging techniques?

  Provides objective data free from bias
• What did Raine find using PET scans in his research?

  Glucose metabolism differences in NGRIs
• What is a weakness of brain imaging techniques like fMRI?

  Cannot be used by those with pacemakers
• How has ethics in social psychology research changed over time?

  • Past: Milgram's study deceived participants
  • Participants believed they were giving real shocks
  • Change: Burger's 2009 study improved ethics
• What was the maximum shock voltage in Milgram's study?

  450V
• What was the maximum shock voltage in Burger's study?

  50V
• What is a weakness of Burger's study regarding deception?

  Participants still believed shocks were real
• How has eyewitness testimony changed in cognitive psychology?

  • Past: Line-up suspects for identification
  • Change: DNA testing provides objective data
  • Strength: Innocence Project released 250 wrongfully convicted
• What is a weakness of DNA testing in convictions?

  DNA is not always available at crime scenes
• How has police interviewing changed in cognitive psychology?

  • Past: Standardized questions and leading questions
  • Change: Cognitive interview developed based on memory
  • Strength: Reduces wrong convictions
• What is a key feature of the cognitive interview?

  Four stages including contextual reinstatement
• What is a weakness of the cognitive interview?

  May not work if done long after the crime
• How have treatments for mental illnesses developed in clinical psychology?

  • Past: First generation antipsychotics like chlorpromazine
  • Change: Second generation antipsychotics like clozapine
  • Strength: Atypical antipsychotics reduce symptoms effectively
• What was the success rate of first generation antipsychotics?

  60% in reducing positive symptoms
• What do second generation antipsychotics target?

  Dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate
• What is a strength of clozapine compared to other atypical drugs?

  Patients continued taking it longer
• What is a weakness of antipsychotic treatments?

  Treat symptoms rather than the cause
• What is the overall conclusion about the development of psychology?

  • Improved understanding of memory and neurotransmitters
  • Led to more effective treatments and applications
  • Enhanced research methods in psychology