test3

• Constructivism: social and cultural factors, theory of identity and roles
• Neoclassical realism: analysis of misrepresentations of rational behavior without denying overall correctness of neorealism
• Constructivism - Alexander Wendt
• Constructivism

  Identity as a foundation of state’s interests
• Constructivism


  International system as an intersubjective identity
• Intersubjective identity refers to the understanding that individual identities are constructed through interactions and relationships with others within a social context
• Constructivism

  The kind of security system dependent on history of interactions.
• Competitive System - characteristic of realism
• Competitive System

  Perceiving other countries as potential enemies

  Cooperation only in case of relative gains
• Individualistic System - characteristic of neoliberalism
• Individualistic System


  Perceiving other countries as potential partners.

  Neutral identification of our security with the others’ security

  Cooperation in case of absolute, not necessarily relative, gains
• Cooperative System - at present rather a utopia, but maybe EU
• Cooperative System

  Positive identification of our security with the others’ security

  Perceiving other countries as friends and allies
• Intercivilizational conflict refers to conflicts that arise between different civilizations or cultural groups
• Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism or violence
• Influence of Identity on Foreign Policy

  Ideological aspect of Cold War

  Intercivilizational conflicts after the end of Cold War

  Anti-Japanese sentiments in China and South Korea

  Pacifism in Japan
• National Interest and Identity

  Change of alliances despite long-lasting cooperation with a given country

  Overcoming mutual enmity in order to cooperate against joint enemy
• Neoclassical Realism - in 1990s
• Neoclassical Realism - Gideon Rose
• Neoclassical realism emphasizes the importance of the state as the primary actor in international relations. It argues that state behavior is shaped by a combination of domestic factors and international factors
• The translation of capabilities into national behavior is often rough and capricious over the short and medium term - Gideon Rose
• Independent Variables - international determinants independent of domestic decision makers
• Independent Variables - difference in economic or military potentials, geopolitical location, economic interdependence increasing due to globalization
• Intervening Variables - domestic determinants distorting country’s reaction to external stimuli (public opinion)
• Dependent Variables - decisions in foreign policy that are a result of the general framework outlined by international determinants or by specific political situation in a given country.
• The direction of decisions depends on independent variables, but their intensity and pace dependent on intervening variables
• Perception of International Situation

  Personal factors

  Errors in evaluating intentions of powers
• Zakaria: influence of strong administration on easy access to resources, resulting in an ambitious foreign policy
• Schweller: influence of cohesion of elites on country’s ability to correctly answer to external threats and apply balance of power
• Public Opinion - tendency of populists to abandon international initiatives beneficial to the country in order to increase one’s popularity
• Public opinion - acting according to public opinion in foreign policy making, particularly by weak decision makers and before elections
• Pressure from Interest Groups - blocking of ratification of international treaties
• Pressure from Interest Groups - encourage the government to controversial initiatives that are beneficial to only one industry sector
• Constructivism and neoclassical realism as attempts to combine different elements of the realist and liberal schools